Biology EOC review

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Biology EOC review

• answers

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Ch 1 scientific method

• 1. A
• D
• 3. D
• 4. B
• 5. C

11. C 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. C
16. D 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. B
6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D
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• 21. A . State the problem (in question form)
• B. Collect information about the problem
• C. Form a hypothesis (a possible answer) ( must
  be testable)
• D. Design and conduct an experiment (use an
  experimental group with a variable, and a control
  group without the variable.)
• E. Record observations and data
• F. Check results redo experiment as needed
• G. Draw your conclusions (accept or reject
  hypothesis)
• H. Communicate your results.
• Hypothesis is a possible answer, or an educated
  guess.
• Theory is a general statement supported by many
  scientific observations and experiments, and
  represents the most logical explanation of the
  evidence.

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• 23. A research plan is necessary before testing a
  hypothesis to ensure that there is only one
  variable, and that there are valid controls.
• 24. A clear statement of a hypothesis is
  important because it could lead to the answer of
  a question.
• 25. A scientist can collect and organize data in
  tables, charts, and graphs
• 26. The results of one experiment cannot become a
  theory a theory must be supported by MANY
  experiments and observations.

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• 27. B
• 28. control group solution with no salt
• experimental group 1 5 salt
• experimental group 2 10 salt
• experimental group 3 15 salt
• two conditions constant water temperature,
  number of shrimp, amount of solution in
  containers
• 29. C (D)
• 30. C

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• 31. -hypothesis if we grow the plants in
  acidic soil, they will be a different color.
• -The control group will be grown in (normal)
  slightly basic soil.
• -Both the experimental and control groups
  should be in the same amount of soil, should
  receive the same amounts of water and sunlight.
• -one piece of evidence supporting my
  hypothesis would be flowers that were a
  color (not white)
• 32. Corn seedlings are only one type of plant, so
  to make generalizations about plants, many types
  should be studied.

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• It is important to include all steps of an
  experiment so that other researchers can repeat
  it and verify the results
• A hypothesis should be changed whenever new,
  conflicting information is found
• Charles Darwin kept a journal so that he could
  keep track of all details and data, as well as
  new ideas.
• 36. -Question can seeds travel long distances
  in the ocean and still able to grow?
• -Hypothesis If I soak seeds in salt water,
  and then plant them, they will grow.
• -Experiment he soaked many different kinds of
  seeds, for short and long periods of time, and
  then planted them.

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Chapter 2 Laboratory tools and techniques

• 1. C
• 2. B
• 3. B
• 4. D
• 5. B

1. D
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. C (A)

1. A (and B)
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. B

1. D
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. D

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• C
• 22. C
• 23. A
• D
• 25. A 10-ml graduated cylinder, should be read
  at eye-level, to the bottom of the meniscus
• 26. Measurements are useful for accuracy so
  reliable, valid, information can be obtained and
  analyzed to draw conclusions.

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• Scientists use tools and instruments to improve
  the accuracy of their observations.
• 28. A. Use a medicine dropper to place a drop
  of water on the slide.
• B. Use the medicine dropper to place the
  specimen into the water on the slide.
• C. Gently lower a coverslip, one edge down at a
  45-degree angle first
• D. Add a drop of stain at one edge , and draw
  it through with a piece of paper towel.

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• Similarities both are used to magnify images
  more than 250,000 times, and they use electron
  beams and magnetic lenses.
• Differences the TEM passes beams through a
  specimen. The SEM passes beams over the surface.
  
• 30. volume liters
• temperature degrees Celsius
• mass kilograms
• length meters

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• (safety rules)
• 32. They could rub a piece of each food on a
  piece of brown paper bag and look for grease.
• 33. Scientists have used electron microscopes
  to see much smaller objects.
• 34. Both types of microscopes are used to
  magnify small objects. Light microscopes can be
  used to see living objects electron microscopes
  can be used to see much smaller objects, because
  no light is involved.
• 35. Dont bother.

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Ch 3 Organic Molecules from Atoms to Cells

1. B
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. C

1. B
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. B

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. A

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• 22. To maintain high levels of organization
  necessary to stay alive, organisms require
  energy.
• Carbon is of special importance to living things
  because organic compounds are built on a
  skeleton or framework of carbon atoms.
• Four important functions of organic compounds
  are capturing and transforming energy, building
  new structures, storing materials, and repairing
  structures.
• Athletes need lots of complex carbohydrates
  during training to supply energy.

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• C
• B
• They have different amino acid sequences, and
  different conformations.
• C
• Three important characteristics of proteins
• a. Made of subunits called amino acids
• b. Main functions are to build new materials,
  transport substances, send signals, provide
  defense, control chemical and metabolic
  activities
• c. Structure and function is determined by the
  sequence of the amino acids, and the conformation
  (shape) of the molecule.

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• The particular proteins in our body depend upon
  our DNA, because the nucleotide sequence
  determines those proteins.
• 32. Tissues are groups of cells, such as nervous
  tissue that is made up of nerve cells or
  neurons. Organs are made of tissues working
  together, such as the brain which is made of
  nervous, blood, and connective tissues.
• 33. Main levels of organization
• atoms, molecules, organic compounds, organelles,
  cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

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• Evolution explains the problems with weight loss
  in that a favorable adaptation would be the
  ability for a persons metabolism to slow down
  when facing starvation. Also, a person whose fat
  cells have been emptied will feel hunger and try
  to fill them up again.
• Exercise is a healthier way to lose weight
  because it increases the amount of energy used by
  the body. It also increases the amount of muscle
  tissue, which burns more calories than other
  types of body tissues even when resting.
• Anorexia and bulemia both are both eating
  disorders that result in severe weight loss,
  which may be fatal. Anorexia is a refusal to
  eat, whereas bulemics eat and then eliminate the
  food. Anorexics appear unhealthy, while bulemics
  may appear healthy.

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Chapter 4 Cell structure and function

• 16. B
• A
• C
• B
• C
• 21. B
• A
• C

1. B
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. A

• 9. A
• 10. A
• B
• D
• A
• C
• A

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• ribosomes where proteins are built
• lysosomes break down food
• mitochondria release energy from food
• nucleus information storage, control center
• golgi apparatus packages many materials
• vacuoles store materials such as food or
  waste
• chloroplasts convert suns energy into food
• The cell membrane is selectively permeable
  because it allows some substances to pass through
  but not others.
• This is important because cells need certain
  molecules inside but some should be kept outside.

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• 26. Arrow A shows molecules going from an area of
  less concentration to an area of greater
  concentration, which is active transport because
  energy is needed to go against the concentration
  gradient. Passive transport is different in that
  it doesnt need energy.
• 27. Receptor molecules, proteins on the surface
  of a cell membrane, allow certain molecules to
  attach (chemical messengers) thereby enabling
  communication between cells.

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• Stability in an organism is maintained by
  integration or making all body parts work
  together, and control or acting in an organized
  and appropriate manner. In animals, this job is
  done by the nervous system and the endocrine
  system.
• 29. Cells communicate with each other by having
  certain chemicals move in or out of them.
  Receptor proteins in the cell membrane act as
  docking sites for these chemicals.

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• 30. Every nerve cell does 3 things it receives,
  conducts, and sends nerve impulses.
• 31. A nerve impulse is the movement of electrical
  voltage (energy) changes along the length of a
  neuron. The cell membrane is the most important
  part of this because electrical voltage is
  created by the rapid movement of positive ions
  across a cell membrane. These changes trigger
  changes further along the membrane.
• 32. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of a
  neuron, it causes the release of chemicals, which
  diffuse across the space to the next cell (the
  synapse) to the next nerve cell, which causes the
  impulse to be carried along.

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33.
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1. The energy stored in chemical bonds can be
   transferred to other newly formed chemical bonds
   or released as heat or light. Cells use this
   energy for active transport, heat, or other cell
   functions.
2. If a cells mitochondria were removed, it would
   not be able to release energy from food molecules

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• The spleen was removed to cure leukemia
• The pancreatic tissues were used for research
  they produced a certain protein which was later
  used to make a new medicine.
• The legal system was used to determine whose
  rights should have precedence, those of the
  cell-donor or the researchers.

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Chapter 5 Homeostasis and Enzymes

1. D
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. D

1. A
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. A

1. C
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. C
8. B

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. A

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• Being multicellular increses and organisms
  ability to maintain homeostasis and survive
  because it has many different structures and
  systems to protect it from external changes.
• A body cell will be more likely to survive than
  an amoeba because the body cell is multicellular.
• 37. Intercellular fluid is important for
  homeostasis because many substances are dissolved
  in it, and it allows substances to be exchanged
  between cells and blood in the capillaries.

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• B
• 39. A feedback mechanism has 3 parts
• a sensor something that can detect a change
• a control unit something that can recognize the
  correct level of something
• an effector-something that can make changes
• 40.
• Blood sugar level is too high
• pancreas releases insulin (hormone) into blood
  stream
• insulin reduces levels of glucose
• blood sugar levels are too low
• pancreas releases glucagon to raise blood sugar
  levels

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• When we exercise, there is an increase in the CO2
  levels in the blood and intercellular fluid,
  released by muscle cells breaking down organic
  compounds for energy. A structure in the brain
  detects these increased levels in the blood
  passing through the brain, and in the fluid
  around the brain cells. The brain sends signals
  to the chest to increase the rate of breathing
  and the amount of air taken in with each breath.
  These changes increase the levels of gas exchange
  in the lungs, lowering the levels of CO2 in the
  blood. These lower levels are then detected in
  the brain, reversing the other responses.
• D
• 43. Rising external temperatures will be
  detected by sensors in the skin, which will send
  a message to the brain, which will increase blood
  vessel dilation and sweating. Homeostasis
  means that the body must maintain constant
  internal temperatures, regardless of what is
  happening outside the body.

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1. Staying in the shade prevents the body from
   heating up too much in the sun.
2. Stomata, or openings, surrounded by guard cells
   on the surface of a leaf, control the loss of
   water. When water is abundant, the guard cells
   fill (by osmosis) and open to allow water to
   evaporate. When water is scarce, they lose
   water, and close, preventing water loss.
3. Contractile vacuoles and guard cells both help
   maintain levels of water within organisms.

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• 47. Four organ systems used in homeostasis
• Excretory system removes wastes and regulates
  the chemistry of the bodys fluids
• Nervous system uses electrochemical impulses to
  regulate body functions
• Endocrine system produces hormones (chemical
  messengers) that help regulate bodily functions
• Immune system defends the body from dangerous
  substances and harmful microorganisms.

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• D
• 49. If the temperature of the solution was
  increased, the rate of the reaction would slow
  down, because enzymes need a certain temperature
  to function.
• 50. A person with a high body temperature would
  possibly die because enzymes change their shape
  if the temperature changes, and therefore their
  function.
• 51. We must maintain a neutral pH because any
  changes affect an enzymes shape and its
  function.

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1. Life on the ISS is different from Earth in that
   there is no downward pull from gravity. There is
   no up or down, no floors or ceilings. Crews live
   in a relatively small space, and sleep wherever
   they feel comfortable .
2. The effects of weightlessness are interesting to
   scientists because we are not aware of our
   bodies responses to gravity until we leave the
   Earth.
3. Some of the adaptations of the body to living in
   a world with gravity include use of signals from
   our eyes, from the fluid-filled tubes in our
   ears, from pressure receptors on the bottoms of
   our feet, and from the distribution of liquids in
   blood vessels.

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• 40. Good news cures bacterial infections
• Bad news Overuse causes antibiotic
• resistant strains of bacteria
• 41. Because it is causing strains of bacteria to
  evolve which are resistant to most commonly used
  antibiotics
• 42. Natural selection explains that the overuse
  of antibiotics causes the resistant bacteria to
  be selected for and to reproduce causing more
  dangerous infections.