Biology%20EOC%20review

1
Biology EOC review

• answers

2
Ch 1 scientific method

• 1. A
• D
• 3. D
• 4. B
• 5. C

11. C 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. C
16. D 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. B
6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D
3

• 21. A . State the problem (in question form)
• B. Collect information about the problem
• C. Form a hypothesis (a possible answer) ( must
  be testable)
• D. Design and conduct an experiment (use an
  experimental group with a variable, and a control
  group without the variable.)
• E. Record observations and data
• F. Check results redo experiment as needed
• G. Draw your conclusions (accept or reject
  hypothesis)
• H. Communicate your results.
• Hypothesis is a possible answer, or an educated
  guess.
• Theory is a general statement supported by many
  scientific observations and experiments, and
  represents the most logical explanation of the
  evidence.

4

• 23. A research plan is necessary before testing a
  hypothesis to ensure that there is only one
  variable, and that there are valid controls.
• 24. A clear statement of a hypothesis is
  important because it could lead to the answer of
  a question.
• 25. A scientist can collect and organize data in
  tables, charts, and graphs
• 26. The results of one experiment cannot become a
  theory a theory must be supported by MANY
  experiments and observations.

5

• 27. B
• 28. control group solution with no salt
• experimental group 1 5 salt
• experimental group 2 10 salt
• experimental group 3 15 salt
• two conditions constant water temperature,
  number of shrimp, amount of solution in
  containers
• 29. C (D)
• 30. C

6

• 31. -hypothesis if we grow the plants in
  acidic soil, they will be a different color.
• -The control group will be grown in (normal)
  slightly basic soil.
• -Both the experimental and control groups
  should be in the same amount of soil, should
  receive the same amounts of water and sunlight.
• -one piece of evidence supporting my
  hypothesis would be flowers that were a
  color (not white)
• 32. Corn seedlings are only one type of plant, so
  to make generalizations about plants, many types
  should be studied.

7

• It is important to include all steps of an
  experiment so that other researchers can repeat
  it and verify the results
• A hypothesis should be changed whenever new,
  conflicting information is found
• Charles Darwin kept a journal so that he could
  keep track of all details and data, as well as
  new ideas.
• 36. -Question can seeds travel long distances
  in the ocean and still able to grow?
• -Hypothesis If I soak seeds in salt water,
  and then plant them, they will grow.
• -Experiment he soaked many different kinds of
  seeds, for short and long periods of time, and
  then planted them.

8
Chapter 2 Laboratory tools and techniques

• 1. C
• 2. B
• 3. B
• 4. D
• 5. B

1. D
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. C (A)

1. A (and B)
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. B

1. D
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. D

9

• C
• 22. C
• 23. A
• D
• 25. A 10-ml graduated cylinder, should be read
  at eye-level, to the bottom of the meniscus
• 26. Measurements are useful for accuracy so
  reliable, valid, information can be obtained and
  analyzed to draw conclusions.

10

• Scientists use tools and instruments to improve
  the accuracy of their observations.
• 28. A. Use a medicine dropper to place a drop
  of water on the slide.
• B. Use the medicine dropper to place the
  specimen into the water on the slide.
• C. Gently lower a coverslip, one edge down at a
  45-degree angle first
• D. Add a drop of stain at one edge , and draw
  it through with a piece of paper towel.

11

• Similarities both are used to magnify images
  more than 250,000 times, and they use electron
  beams and magnetic lenses.
• Differences the TEM passes beams through a
  specimen. The SEM passes beams over the surface.
  
• 30. volume liters
• temperature degrees Celsius
• mass kilograms
• length meters

12

• (safety rules)
• 32. They could rub a piece of each food on a
  piece of brown paper bag and look for grease.
• 33. Scientists have used electron microscopes
  to see much smaller objects.
• 34. Both types of microscopes are used to
  magnify small objects. Light microscopes can be
  used to see living objects electron microscopes
  can be used to see much smaller objects, because
  no light is involved.
• 35. Dont bother.

13
Ch 3 Organic Molecules from Atoms to Cells

1. B
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. C

1. B
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. B

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. A

14

• 22. To maintain high levels of organization
  necessary to stay alive, organisms require
  energy.
• Carbon is of special importance to living things
  because organic compounds are built on a
  skeleton or framework of carbon atoms.
• Four important functions of organic compounds
  are capturing and transforming energy, building
  new structures, storing materials, and repairing
  structures.
• Athletes need lots of complex carbohydrates
  during training to supply energy.

15

• C
• B
• They have different amino acid sequences, and
  different conformations.
• C
• Three important characteristics of proteins
• a. Made of subunits called amino acids
• b. Main functions are to build new materials,
  transport substances, send signals, provide
  defense, control chemical and metabolic
  activities
• c. Structure and function is determined by the
  sequence of the amino acids, and the conformation
  (shape) of the molecule.

16

• The particular proteins in our body depend upon
  our DNA, because the nucleotide sequence
  determines those proteins.
• 32. Tissues are groups of cells, such as nervous
  tissue that is made up of nerve cells or
  neurons. Organs are made of tissues working
  together, such as the brain which is made of
  nervous, blood, and connective tissues.
• 33. Main levels of organization
• atoms, molecules, organic compounds, organelles,
  cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

17

• Evolution explains the problems with weight loss
  in that a favorable adaptation would be the
  ability for a persons metabolism to slow down
  when facing starvation. Also, a person whose fat
  cells have been emptied will feel hunger and try
  to fill them up again.
• 35. Exercise is a healthier way to lose weight
  because it increases the amount of energy used by
  the body. It also increases the amount of muscle
  tissue, which burns more calories than other
  types of body tissues even when resting.
• 36. Anorexia and bulemia both are both eating
  disorders that result in severe weight loss,
  which may be fatal. Anorexia is a refusal to
  eat, whereas bulemics eat and then eliminate the
  food. Anorexics appear unhealthy, while bulemics
  may appear healthy.

18
Chapter 4 Homeostasis and Enzymes

• 16. B
• A
• C
• B
• C
• 21. B
• A
• C

1. B
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. A

• 9. A
• 10. A
• B
• D
• A
• C
• A

19

• ribosomes where proteins are built
• lysosomes break down food
• mitochondria release energy from food
• nucleus information storage, control center
• golgi apparatus packages many materials
• vacuoles store materials such as food or
  waste
• chloroplasts convert suns energy into food
• The cell membrane is selectively permeable
  because it allows some substances to pass through
  but not others.
• This is important because cells need certain
  molecules inside but some should be kept outside.

20

• 26. Arrow A shows molecules going from an area of
  less concentration to an area of greater
  concentration, which is active transport because
  energy is needed to go against the concentration
  gradient. Passive transport is different in that
  it doesnt need energy.
• 27. Receptor molecules, proteins on the surface
  of a cell membrane, allow certain molecules to
  attach (chemical messengers) thereby enabling
  communication between cells.

21

• Stability in an organism is maintained by
  integration or making all body parts work
  together, and control or acting in an organized
  and appropriate manner. In animals, this job is
  done by the nervous system and the endocrine
  system.
• 29. Cells communicate with each other by having
  certain chemicals move in or out of them.
  Receptor proteins in the cell membrane act as
  docking sites for these chemicals.

22

• 30. Every nerve cell does 3 things it receives,
  conducts, and sends nerve impulses.
• 31. A nerve impulse is the movement of electrical
  voltage (energy) changes along the length of a
  neuron. The cell membrane is the most important
  part of this because electrical voltage is
  created by the rapid movement of positive ions
  across a cell membrane. These changes trigger
  changes further along the membrane.
• 32. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of a
  neuron, it causes the release of chemicals, which
  diffuse across the space to the next cell (the
  synapse) to the next nerve cell, which causes the
  impulse to be carried along.

23
33.
24

1. The energy stored in chemical bonds can be
   transferred to other newly formed chemical bonds
   or released as heat or light. Cells use this
   energy for active transport, heat, or other cell
   functions.
2. If a cells mitochondria were removed, it would
   not be able to release energy from food molecules

25

• The spleen was removed to cure leukemia
• 37. The pancreatic tissues were used for
  research they produced a certain protein which
  was later used to make a new medicine.
• 38. The legal system was used to determine whose
  rights should have precedence, those of the
  cell-donor or the researchers.

26
Chapter 5 Homeostasis and Enzymes

1. D
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. D

1. A
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. A

1. C
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. C
8. B

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. A

27

• Being multicellular increases and organisms
  ability to maintain homeostasis and survive
  because it has many different structures and
  systems to protect it from external changes.
• A body cell will be more likely to survive than
  an amoeba because the body cell is multicellular.
• 37. Intercellular fluid is important for
  homeostasis because many substances are dissolved
  in it, and it allows substances to be exchanged
  between cells and blood in the capillaries.

28

• B
• 39. A feedback mechanism has 3 parts
• a sensor something that can detect a change
• a control unit something that can recognize the
  correct level of something
• an effector-something that can make changes
• 40.
• Blood sugar level is too high
• pancreas releases insulin (hormone) into blood
  stream
• insulin reduces levels of glucose
• blood sugar levels are too low
• pancreas releases glucagon to raise blood sugar
  levels

29

• When we exercise, there is an increase in the CO2
  levels in the blood and intercellular fluid,
  released by muscle cells breaking down organic
  compounds for energy. A structure in the brain
  detects these increased levels in the blood
  passing through the brain, and in the fluid
  around the brain cells. The brain sends signals
  to the chest to increase the rate of breathing
  and the amount of air taken in with each breath.
  These changes increase the levels of gas exchange
  in the lungs, lowering the levels of CO2 in the
  blood. These lower levels are then detected in
  the brain, reversing the other responses.
• D
• 43. Rising external temperatures will be
  detected by sensors in the skin, which will send
  a message to the brain, which will increase blood
  vessel dilation and sweating. Homeostasis
  means that the body must maintain constant
  internal temperatures, regardless of what is
  happening outside the body.

30

1. Staying in the shade prevents the body from
   heating up too much in the sun.
2. Stomata, or openings, surrounded by guard cells
   on the surface of a leaf, control the loss of
   water. When water is abundant, the guard cells
   fill (by osmosis) and open to allow water to
   evaporate. When water is scarce, they lose
   water, and close, preventing water loss.
3. Contractile vacuoles and guard cells both help
   maintain levels of water within organisms.

31

• 47. Four organ systems used in homeostasis
• Excretory system removes wastes and regulates
  the chemistry of the bodys fluids
• Nervous system uses electrochemical impulses to
  regulate body functions
• Endocrine system produces hormones (chemical
  messengers) that help regulate bodily functions
• Immune system defends the body from dangerous
  substances and harmful microorganisms.

32

• D
• 49. If the temperature of the solution was
  increased, the rate of the reaction would slow
  down, because enzymes need a certain temperature
  to function.
• 50. A person with a high body temperature would
  possibly die because enzymes change their shape
  if the temperature changes, and therefore their
  function.
• 51. We must maintain a neutral pH because any
  changes affect an enzymes shape and its
  function.

33

1. Life on the ISS is different from Earth in that
   there is no downward pull from gravity. There is
   no up or down, no floors or ceilings. Crews live
   in a relatively small space, and sleep wherever
   they feel comfortable .
2. The effects of weightlessness are interesting to
   scientists because we are not aware of our
   bodies responses to gravity until we leave the
   Earth.
3. Some of the adaptations of the body to living in
   a world with gravity include use of signals from
   our eyes, from the fluid-filled tubes in our
   ears, from pressure receptors on the bottoms of
   our feet, and from the distribution of liquids in
   blood vessels.

34
Ch 6 Photosynthesis and respiration

• B
• B
• C
• D
• B
• C
• D

• B
• A
• B
• C
• C
• D

8. D 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. C
35

• 21. Autotrophs make their own food.
• Heterotrophs ingest food that they dont
  make.
• 22. Photosynthesis is a bridge between the
  living and non-living worlds because inorganic
  compounds are converted into organic compounds,
  and recycled again and again.
• The structure of leaves enables photosynthesis
  by having chloroplasts which use sunlight, and
  are located to get maximum exposure. They also
  have stomata with guard cells, which allow
  exchange of the gases carbon dioxide and oxygen,
  and which also control loss of water to the
  atmosphere.

36

1. This equation show photosynthesis. The products
   are glucose and oxygen.
2. Cellular respiration is the opposite of
   photosynthesis because the products of one are
   the reactants for the other.
3. Photosynthesis is being controlled in this set
   up.
4. An astronaut would cause changes in the space
   station atmosphere by adding CO2 and taking out
   O2.
5. Turning on more lights would increase
   photosynthesis, so there would be more O2 and
   less CO2 in the air.

37

• Euglena carries out both photosynthesis and
  cellular respiration.
• photosynthesis
• 6CO2 6 H2O -gt C6H12O6 6 O2
• 30. This process is essential for the survival
  of euglena because euglena need to make their own
  food.

38

• 31. Photosynthesis provides food and oxygen for
  all living things.
• Cellular respiration provides a way for all
  living things to release the energy stored in
  food
• Photosynthesis uses sunlight for energy.
• Cellular respiration uses chemical energy
  (glucose)
• Breathing is the act of physically forcing air
  into the lungs. Respiration is the release of
  energy from food molecules.
• 34. Inhalation rib cage expands (ribs move up
  and out), air taken in, diaphragm contracts and
  moves down, chest cavity expands, air pressure
  decreases.
• Exhalation rib cage contracts, diaphragm
  relaxes and moves up, chest cavity contracts, air
  pressure increases.

39

• Four characteristics required for a respiratory
  surface
• - moist at all times
• - thin
• - source of oxygen
• - closely connected to transport system that
  delivers gases to and from cells.
• 36. Drifting cells in the ocean can be called
  the pastures of the sea because they both carry
  out photosynthesis and make organic compounds
  (food) for other organisms.

40

• 37. Microscopic cells drifting in the ocean are
  like land plants in that they
• Are the beginning of the food chain for most
  other organisms
• They release oxygen into the atmosphere
• They bloom in the spring
• 38. Photographs from orbiting satellites have
  improved our ability to study life in the ocean.

41
Ch 7 Energy and Matter in ecosystems

1. B
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. A

• 17. B
• D
• B
• B
• A
• C
• C
• A

1. A
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. D

42

• B
• D
• A
• A
• B
• C
• Biotic living organisms
• Abiotic non-living parts water, air, soil
• Producers first trophic level autotrophs
• consumers second level and up, heterotrophs

43

1. A food web shows the interconnected nature of the
   relationships between organisms.
2. A pyramid is useful to show energy relationships
   because the most energy is found at the base, and
   each level up decreases by about 90, creating a
   pyramid.
3. C
4. D

44

• 37. B
• 38. B
• 39. C
• C
• D
• When a chemical pollutant enters the ecosystem,
  it can accumulate from one trophic level to the
  next. Organisms at the bottom of the food chain
  have some pollutant, but organisms at the top
  (who eat many of the lower level organisms)
  accumulate a great deal of pollutant

45
Biaccumulation of mercury in fish
MODERATE MERCURY Eat six servings or less per
month Bass (Striped, Black)CarpCod (Alaskan)
Croaker (White Pacific)Halibut (Atlantic)
Halibut (Pacific)LobsterMahi
MahiMonkfishPerch (Freshwater) SnapperTuna
(Cannedchunk light)Tuna (Skipjack)

• LEAST MERCURY
• Enjoy these fish
• AnchoviesButterfishCatfishClamCrab
  (Domestic) HerringMackerel MulletOysterPerch
  (Ocean) Salmon (Canned)Salmon
  (Fresh)SardineScallopShad
  (American)ShrimpSole (Pacific)Squid
  (Calamari)TilapiaTrout (Freshwater)Whitefish

HIGH MERCURY Eat three servings or less per
month BluefishGrouperMackerel (Spanish,
Gulf) Sea Bass (Chilean) Tuna (Canned
Albacore) Tuna (Yellowfin)
46

• B
• -------------------------?
• a)producers/plants
• b)(photo)autotrophs
• c) photosynthesis
• 46. Greater biodiversity increases the chances

that, in the event of an environmental
catastrophe, at least some organisms would have
variations that would enable them to survive.
47

• D
• A
• B
• C
• Snake predator
• mouse prey
• grasses producers
• rabbits herbivores
• foxes carnivores
• bacteria decomposers

48

• 53. The amount of matter on Earth is fixed most
  of the material that is here has been here since
  the Earth was formed, and gets recycled over and
  over. Energy is constantly being used, and
  dissipated away. Earth needs a constant source
  of new energy. It cannot be recycled.
• Photosynthesis takes in carbon dioxide, and
  releases oxygen as a waste product. Cellular
  respiration takes in oxygen, and releases carbon
  dioxide as a waste product.
• 55. A forest ecosystem has much more diversity
  than a cornfield, therefore it is more stable.
  Biodiversity is very important because it
  ensures survival of at least some species.
• 56. Humans caused the current loss of
  biodiversity through loss of habitat.
  Construction has caused loss of migration
  rest-stops loss of food fish that need running
  water to live will die in a lake created by a
  dam.

49

1. The Everglades are known as a river of glass
   because the vast majority of this area is covered
   by a dense growth of saw grass, through which a
   steady flow of water moves.
2. Sugarcane production is one human activity that
   has harmed the Everglades. Pesticides and
   fertilizers, used by farmers to increase crop
   yields, have also had a harmful effect.

50

• In 1996, the federal government endorsed the
  everglades restoration project. They will try to
  stop sugarcane production in the Everglades.
  They will also try to let large areas of land act
  as natural filters to remove some of the
  contaminants in the water. They will also try to
  restore the natural north-flow of water.
• 60. Peoples attitudes have changed toward the
  Everglades in that the importance of this
  ecosystem has been recognized, and people are
  trying to restore its health.

51
Chapter 9 Classification

1. B (domain) 9. C 17. B
2. D 10. B
3. C 11. D
4. C 12. C
5. C no 13.
6. D 14. C
7. D 15. C
8. B 16. D (domain)

52

• 18. Prokaryotes no nucleus no organelles
• -carry out processes in their cell
  membranes, simpler processes
• Eukaryotes nucleus organelles
• -carry out processes in specific organelles,
  more complex
• 19. C
• 20. Leopard hair no organism has hair before
  leopard, after it is no tail which doesnt
  describe the leopard

53

• 21. A dichotomous key asks pairs of questions, of
  which only one applies to each organism and
  directs you to the next question in order to
  narrow down which organism has the traits being
  observed.
• Ex. Leopard Does it have hair? Or does it not
  have hair?
• 22.Pollen is released into the wind only male
  gamete
• Coral release both eggs and sperm into the water

54

• 23. Genetic recombination variation
• 24. Amount lost to predation is lessened

55
Chapter 10 Evolution

1. D 9. B 17. A
2. D 10. C 18. B
3. D 11. B 19. D
4. C 12. A 20. D
5. C 13. C 21. C
6. D 14. B 22. B
7. B 15. D 23. C
8. C 16. A 24. D

56

• 25. Through genetic variation and natural
  selection, new species have developed which are
  fit for their environment.
• 26. There is always competition for resources,
  which means that the organisms best adapted will
  survive.
• 27. Variations allow for new traits to develop,
  which can lead to evolution of the population
• 28. Radiation and chemicals, and mistakes in
  replication gametes.
• Body cells would not pass on their DNA to
  offspring.

57

• 29. Water, food, mates. The animals with the
  traits that allow them to get the resources will
  survive and reproduce, while the animals without
  those adaptations will not.
• 30. D
• 31. Chromosomes from 2 parents instead of one
  increase variation, as well as crossing over and
  independent assortment. More variation means more
  traits available in population. Some traits will
  be adaptations helping the organism survive.

58

• 32. Creates variation in a population.
• 33. B
• 34. Natural selection includes the other three.
  In order for natural selection to occur there
  must be competition (struggle for existence) and
  variation in the population. Also, the
  environment must change in order for new traits
  to be selected for.

59

• 35. In a population, some individuals get
  separated and form their own population in a
  different location. If the new environment is
  different than the original environment,
  individuals with the traits best adapted for the
  new environment will survive and reproduce. Ones
  without these traits will die off. Eventually,
  the new population is different enough from the
  original population that they are reproductively
  isolated and therefore a new species.

60

• 36. The bacteria that had some immunity to the
  antibiotic survived and reproduced and eventually
  the population became large enough to make the
  patient sick again.
• 37. B
• 38. Adaptation trait that helps an organism
  survive in its environment Speed of cheetahs.
  Can chase down its prey.
• 39. Some insects had the genes to be resistant to
  the pesticide. They survived and reproduced.
  Eventually the entire population had the genes to
  resist the pesticide.

61

• 40. Good news cures bacterial infections
• Bad news Overuse causes antibiotic
• resistant strains of bacteria
• 41. Because it is causing strains of bacteria to
  evolve which are resistant to most commonly used
  antibiotics. Also, those resistant bacteria may
  be found in the food.
• 42. Natural selection explains that the overuse
  of antibiotics causes the resistant bacteria to
  be selected for and to reproduce causing more
  dangerous infections.

62
Chapter 11 Evidence for Evolution

1. A
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. A family tree, like an evolutionary tree, can
   shows ancestral relationships.

• D
• A
• A
• C
• C
• C

63

1. Fossils are usually formed when sediments bury an
   organism, and their remains (hard tissues)are
   gradually replaced by minerals. Or, the body of
   a plant or animal can form an impression in soft
   clay or mud, which hardens.
2. Similarities in the biochemistry of proteins can
   be useful in determining evolutionary
   relationships because by studying amino acid
   sequences scientists have learned that small
   differences show a close relationship.

64

• 14. B
• An evolutionary bush would be a better way to
  diagram an evolutionary path because there is
  rarely a straight lineage. Organisms often
  evolve differently, as in the adaptive radiation
  of the Galapagos finches.
• C
• A vestigial structure suggests that an ancestor
  having the structure would have used it. ie.
  Appendix
• D
• Natural selection would explain the change in
  percentage of each color moth. As the
  environment changed, different colors would be
  selected (eaten).
• C

65

1. Galapagos finches moved to different islands,
   with different climates and food supplies.
   Individuals having traits that were helpful to
   each particular environment survived and
   reproduced.
2. B
3. B
4. DNA nucleotide sequence is important all
   organisms store genetic information in DNA. The
   similarities in DNA sequences show close
   relationships.
5. Mitochondrial DNA comes only from your mother.
6. Scientists have used mtDNA to study the origins
   of human history.
7. Mitochondrial Eve has been shown to be the
   ancestor of all humans alive today, but
   scientists differ on her age. Mungo man has no
   mtDNA relationship to Mitochondrial Eve, which
   has raised new questions about human origins.

66
Chap 12 Mechanisms of Evolution

• A
• B
• C
• A
• B
• B
• D

8. D 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. D 13. C 14. A
67

• Evolution happens in response to changes in the
  environment, so since the environment is always
  changing, evolution is ongoing.
• B
• The adaptive value is determined by how helpful
  an adaptation is to survival. For example, blond
  hair is a variation that has no particular
  survival value, unless you happened to live in
  Nazi Germany.
• Penguins that had the characteristic of liking to
  huddle together would tend to live longer and
  produce more offspring, who would also probably
  have the trait. Over time, most penguins have
  this behavior.
• See 18.
• 20. A
• 21. C

68

1. C
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. Organisms having variations that help them
   survive will survive and pass on their traits to
   the next generation. If environmental conditions
   change, organisms having helpful traits will
   survive, and over time the species will change.
   Environmental changes are usually gradual.
   However, if the changes are in the nature of a
   catastrophe, such as a meteorite or flood, there
   is not enough time for any evolution to occur.
   For example, the wooly mammoths died because
   there was no food.

69

1. Farmers do not like prairie dogs because they
   interfere with the planting of crops. Ranchers
   dont like them because their tunnels could cause
   grazing animals to fall and break legs.
   Black-footed ferrets eat prairie dogs, but when
   prairie dogs are poisoned, the ferrets die too.
2. In 1987 scientists captured the 18 ferrets to
   breed them and re-populate the area.
3. If prairie dogs are protected, there will be a
   poison-free source of food for ferrets.

70
Chap 13 DNA and heredity

1. B
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. D
7. C

1. B
2. B (D)
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. D

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. D

71

• To do its job, genetic material must be
• able to store enough information to make
  another organism
• able to make a copy of itself again and
  again
• strong and stable enough to not fall apart
  easily
• able to mutate slightly from time to
  time to provide variations

72

• Cytosine and guanine pair together
• Adenine and Thymine pair together
• Crick Watson described the basic structure of
  DNA as a double helix the double strand is like
  a ladder, with nucleotide bases forming the
  rungs, and sugar and phosphate groups forming the
  sides.
• Because DNA is made of only 4 different
  nucleotides, it was thought to be too simple to
  contain the code of life. But using the 4
  different letters to make long sequences, nature
  can create an almost unlimited variety of genetic
  messages.

73

1. C
2. D
3. Genetic information is coded in the DNA
   alphabet. The sequence of nucleotides
   determines subunits called amino acids the amino
   acid sequence determines the protein the
   protein determines the trait.
4. B
5. C
6. C
7. T A A C T G G C
8. B

74

1. DNA is an important molecule because it carries
   on life itself all life is dependent upon it.
2. DNA nucleotides separate and act as templates in
   replication.
3. DNA molecules replicate by unwinding and acting
   as a template. Enzymes help match up
   free-floating nucleotides with their appropriate
   complementary nucleotides on the template.
   Identical new strands are formed and then
   released.

75

1. Box A should be a nucleotide (or nucleic acids),
   which acts as a template because it can only pair
   with one other (complementary) nucleotide.
2. B proteins
3. Mutations can be helpful, as in the ability to
   resist a disease, or harmful, as in loss of some
   ability.
4. Scientists originally thought repetitive DNA was
   junk because they did not understand its
   functions.
5. C

76

1. Telomeres are of interest because they may
   control the lifespan of a cell.
2. When a telomere gets very short the cells stop
   dividing.
3. The enzyme telomerase can reverse the shortening
   process by adding more telomeres.
4. There is great interest in the enzyme telomerase
   because it may have to do with cancer.
5. There is great interest in the absence of
   telomerase because it may have to do with aging.

77
Chapter 14 Genes and protein synthesis

1. B 9. C 17. D
2. A 10. A 18. C
3. C 11. A 19. B
4. B 12. D 20. C
5. C 13. A
6. B 14. A
7. D 15. D
8. C 16. C

78

1. The sequence determines the protein and protein
   structure. If the structure is changed, the
   function will most likely also be changed.
2. A
3. The one change can change the shape of the
   molecule and therefore make it unable to bind to
   oxygen
4. Both are made up of subunits both coil up in
   specific shapes both have a limited number of
   subunits to work with

79

1. Since protein is made in the ribosome and DNA is
   kept in the nucleus, the problem is how can DNA
   control the making of protein mRNA solves this
   by copying the DNA code and bringing it to the
   ribosome
2. Cell nucleus chromosome gene DNA molecule
3. In both replication and transcription, the DNA
   double helix is unwound New subunits of DNA or
   RNA are matched to the complementary original
   strand according to the base sequence of the
   original strand of DNA. Both processes are
   controlled by enzymes

80

1. There are only 4 different bases and 20 amino
   acids, so a grouping of 3 a.a.s is needed to be
   able to code for all the necessary a.a.s and the
   start, stop codes.
2. Ribosomes provide a site for the mRNA and the
   tRNA to meet up an bond a.a.s to each other.
3. Met-Cys-Val-Cys-Pro
4. Met-Try-Val-Cys-Pro
5. Since GGT and GGG both code for Proline, there is
   no effect

81

1. DNA double helix opens up and unwinds RNA
   subunits match up with DNA subunits a new RNA
   molecule moves out through the pores RNA base
   sequences translate into a.a. sequences
2. C
3. mRNA copies DNA base sequences and moves to
   ribosome tRNA carries a.a.s to ribosome and
   matches its anticodons to mRNA codons in order to
   place a.a.s in correct order in protein chain.

82

• All organisms have ATCG DNA molecules. This is
  significant because is shows that all organisms
  have inherited their DNA from previous organisms.
  Mutations is DNA have resulted in the diversity
  of organisms we have today.
• A mutation could cause a different a.a. to be
  placed in the protein, thereby making it
  different from the intended protein
• (a) These two cells are in different parts of the
  body and express different genes causing them to
  perform different functions
• (b) these cells do not make the same proteins
• (c) Yes, they have the same DNA

83

1. That humans have only 35,000 genes
2. Protein shapes have been shuffled around during
   evolution creating much complexity among living
   organisms
3. Each gene does not control one trait, usually
   each gene interacts with a few others to produce
   a trait.

84
Chapter 15 Asexual reproduction and Mitosis

1. B 9. B 17. D
2. C 10. B 18. C
3. A 11. D 19. C
4. D 12. C 20. B
5. A 13. B 21. C
6. B 14. A
7. A 15. A
8. C 16. C

85

• One individual not reproducing due to a shortened
  life span will not affect a species. However, if
  the entire population does not reproduce due to
  shortened lifespans, then the species will
  decrease in size and it could lead to extinction
• Genetic material is used to direct how the cell
  is made and how the cell functions

86

1. Cell growth gt Replication gt Mitosis gt Cell
   division
2. B
3. Each species has a specific number of chromosomes
   that varies from species to species
4. Since one cell is dividing into two. Two copies
   of each chromosome are needed, so each daughter
   cell gets exactly the same DNA as the parent cell

87

• Cell division is necessary for single-celled
  organisms in order for them to reproduce amoeba
  divides by binary fission to make two new amoeba
• Cell division is necessary for multi-cellular
  organisms in order for them to grow a zygote
  grows into a fully formed baby through cell
  division
• 29. Mitosis is the dividing of the chromosomes
  and it occurs first cytokinesis is the dividing
  of the cytoplasm and it occurs last

88

1. B
2. Both result in 2 cells which are genetically
   identical binary fission results in 2 equally
   sized daughter cells, while budding results in
   one large parent cell and one small daughter cell
3. B
4. Yes red blood cells reproduce quickly since they
   are needed to carry oxygen to other cells to keep
   organism alive

89

• 34. Exposure to these mutagens can mutate
  (change) the DNA. Once this happens the cell may
  not be able to make the proteins to control cell
  growth and these cells reproduce uncontrollably
  cancer
• 35. Lymph and circulatory systems both involve
  tubes throughout the body. Lymphatic system
  carries lymph(fluid) circulatory carries blood.
  Lymph drains into circulatory.
• 36. Chemotherapy attacks DNA of cancer cells or
  shuts down protein synthesis of cancer cells or
  stimulates immune system against cancer cells

90

• 37. Targeted drugs are specific for the cancer
  cells, attack only cancer cells

91
Ch 16 Sexual reproduction and meiosis

1. A
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. B

9. C 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. B

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. B

92

• Chromosomes contain the inherited (genetic)
  information that has been passed along since the
  beginning of life. They contain the information
  that determines an individuals characteristics.
• 24. Sexual reproduction is all about the
  chromosomes because when a sperm cell and an egg
  cell unite during sexual reproduction, the two
  nuclei join. Each nucleus contains chromosomes.
• 25. In the process of sexual reproduction, the
  nuclei of gametes (sex cells) join together in
  fertilization to form a zygote (fertilized egg
  cell).

93

• Gametes are essential to sexual reproduction
  because they contain half of the normal number of
  chromosomes. When fertilization occurs, the
  normal number of chromosomes is restored.
• 27. Without fertilization (process 2) neither
  eggs nor sperm are viable, they to join to get
  the full set of chromosomes.
• 28. The eggs in process 1 have undergone meiosis
  and have a half set of chromosomes.
• The eggs in process 3 have been fertilized and
  have the full set of chromosomes, and have begun
  to grow (mitosis).
• 29. A mutation in a gamete will affect the whole
  new organism, because that change will be copied
  as each cell undergoes mitosis. A change in a
  body cell will only be copied by that one body
  cell, which will affect a very small area of the
  body.

94

• Sexual reproduction in any form involves creating
  new genetic combinations by joining chromosomes
  from both parents. This increases diversity in a
  species, which increases chances for the survival
  of the species.
• 31. Mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells,
  each of which has 2 full sets of chromosomes.
  Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells, each with a
  half-set of chromosomes.
• 32. C
• 33. C
• 34. C
• 35. A

95

• 36. Organisms that reproduce sexually are not
  genetically identical to their parents because
  they get half of their genes from each parent.
  In addition, during meiosis some crossing-over
  may take place, further increasing differences.
• Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
• offspring genetically identical
  offspring genetically different
• no exchange of genetic material exchange of
  genetic material
• division of parent cell 2 parents,
  produce gametes
• Crossing-over is occuring. The chromosomes in
  step C are have different alleles on them.
• The offspring will have different combinations of
  genes than the parents.
• In flowering plants, male and female gametes
  join to produce a zygote. This takes place in
  the flower. The zygote grows into an embryo, and
  later an adult plants.

96

1. C
2. C
3. Some species must lay hundreds of eggs in order
   for some to survive because most of the eggs will
   be eaten by a carnivore.
4. Fertilization must be internal for the sperm to
   swim to the egg.
5. Josephs doctor ordered tests because he was not
   developing normally.

97

1. Due an error that may have occurred during
   meiosis, Joseph inherited an extra X chromosome.
2. They learned the explanation for his condition,
   and that he could look forward to a normal life,
   and the options for having a family.

98
Ch 17 Patterns of Inheritance

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. B

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. D

1. B
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. A
6. D
7. B

• A
• B
• C
• D
• D

99

• Mendel is called the founder of genetics
  because he is the first to begin a real study of
  inheritance and the way it works.
• 28. Mendel noticed that a trait, or hereditary
  information, is passed from parents to offspring
  in individual units that he called factors.
• 29. B
• 30. D
• 31. A

100

• Fur color in Siamese cats illustrates how the
  expression of genes can be affected by the
  environment. The gene that codes for the enzyme
  that produces dark fur only works at cool
  temperatures. This could be adaptive in that
  cats living in cooler climates could benefit from
  the absorption of extra warmth of dark colors.
• C
• Hemophilia occurs more frequently in males than
  females because it is a sex-linked trait. This
  means that the gene for hemophilia is on the
  X chromosome. If a female has it on
  one of her 2 X chromosomes, she is
  usually a normal, dominant allele on the
  other chromosome. However, in males
  there is no second allele, so the
  gene will be expressed.

X Y
Xh XhX XhY
X XhX XY
101

• Humans have influenced the genetic makeup of
  organisms by selective breeding or artificial
  selection. This has been done to grow crops that
  can grow more plentifully, are resistant to
  diseases, and look and taste better. They have
  also bred animals that have thicker wool, lay
  larger eggs, produce more milk, run faster, or
  perform tasks.
• 36. People that carry out specific genetic
  crosses must use organisms that reproduce
  sexually because asexual reproduction involves no
  exchange of gametes from different parents.

102

• 37.

John Loraine 1812 Crossed 2 different strains of corn, and made a hybrid that produced a greater yield than either parent.
George H Shull Increased corn yields by 25-50
Edward East and Donald Jones 1917 Combined 2 different hybrid varieties to produce a highly productive variety that could be grown commercially
103

1. Super corn has spread unintentionally, mixing
   with native corn
2. The study of genetics has provided us with a food
   crop that is a staple of our diet, and makes
   more and better food for people all over.