Two principles down, two to go

1
Two principles down, two to go

• So far weve learned how to apply two cognitive
  principles to e-learning
• Multimedia principle?
• Include both words and graphics
• Contiguity principle?
• Place text near corresponding graphics
• Next, well apply two more principles
• Modality principle put words in spoken form
• Redundancy principle dont put same words in
  both speech and text

2
Design dilemma(Clark Mayer, e-Learning,
chapter 5, pp. 85-86)

• Project sponsor tells course designer to get rid
  of all that narration audio
• Why would she say that?
• How should the course designer react?
• Let me look into it (resolves to look into
  theory and research about audio)

3
The Modality Principle

• Put words in spoken rather than graphic form,
  when graphic or animation is in focus
• Why?
• Cognitive theory of learning
• Separate information processing channels for
  visual and auditory/verbal processing
• Capacity of each channel is limited
• Graphics and onscreen text compete for attention
• Overloads visual channel
• Instead, use both auditory and visual channels

4
Modality effect

• People learn more lessons with concurrent speech
  than just text alone
• 64 vs. 36 correct on post-test
• Are you impressed?
• Would project sponsor be convinced?
• Is it worth the extra work of audio production?
• When is audio less effective?

5
Redundancy principle

• VP We need to accommodate different learning
  styles add text to the screen for those who
  learn better from reading.
• Is she right? Why or why not?
• Redundancy doesnt help people learn more from
  audio alone than audio plus text explaining
  graphics or animation

6
Learning styles hypothesis

• Some have visual, others auditory style
• Therefore present both, to accommodate both
  learning styles
• What do you think of this hypothesis?
• This hypothesis is a special case of information
  delivery theory people learn by adding
  information to memory
• Mind is an empty vessel to be filled with info
• So redundant presentation puts more info in mind
• Cognitive theory each channel is limited
• Redundant text could overload visual channel

7
More redundancy principles

• Avoid presenting words as narration and identical
  text
• Special cases for narration of text
• No pictorial representation on a screen
• Slow pace of presentation
• Helping learners with disabilities or non-native
  speakers
• Learners who may not have access to speakers or
  headsets
• How is The Universal Computer different from The
  Universal Machine (because of this principle)?

8
One minute paper

• What principles of cognitive e-Learning
  principles have you learned so far?
• How can you apply at least one of them in your
  project design?