PLAN

1
PLAN

• I. (Neo)-Realism, (Neo)-Liberalism, in theory
  and reality
• The Bush Doctrine
• II. Neo-Liberal Institutionalism
• Collective Goods Problem
• International Regimes
• Hegemonic Stability Theory

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Implications of Conceptual Paradigms

• What implications for Bush doctrine?
  Neo-conservative approach to foreign policy

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I. Tenants of Bush Doctrine

• Skeptics who call themselves realists () have
  lost contact with a fundamental reality,
  America is always more secure when freedom is on
  the march (G.W. Bush)
• New Bush doctrine is a mix of pragmatic realism
  and Wilsonian liberal theory (Condolezza Rice)
• An amalgam of realism and liberalism, i.e.
  democratic realism (Ch. Krauthammer)

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Bush Doctrine

• Fight terror by spreading liberal democracy to
  the Middle East, starting with Iraq (domino
  theory)
• Peace in the region as democracies do not fight
  each other (regime change)
• UN and int. institutions are irrelevant
• They represent constraints to US power
• There is no international community
• Legitimacy starts and ends at home

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Neo-Conservative Logic

• US role of global Leviathan
• Unipolar world waive all constraints to US
  action (Kyoto Protocol, Land Mine Treaty,
  International Criminal Court, etc)
• Resolution of Hobbes problem global order is
  provided

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Post-Westphalian Order

• Transformation of international state system
• From Westphalian order, i.e. equilibrium between
  power and sovereign states
• To post-Westphalian logic rise of US power and
  erosion of state sovereignty (human rights,
  security issues) failed states

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Challenges From Theory Realists Bush Doctrine

• Coalition for A Realistic Foreign Policy
  (scholars public intellectuals) critics of US
  foreign policy conservatives vs.
  neo-conservatives
• Call for prudence
• The move toward empire must be halted

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Theory Reality (1)

• Occupation of Iraq vs. democracy in Iraq
• Democracy as an internal and progressive social
  contract or enforced from outside?
• Empires as tools for democratization?
• Problems of actual power, legitimacy, ideas and
  values (realist liberal paradigms)

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Theory Reality (2)

• Inherent contradiction assert US exception while
  promoting universal values at same time
• Appeal to democracy as real value or tactical
  move?
• Appeal to liberalism but disregard of
  international institutions

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II. Collective Goods Problem

• Neo-liberal perspectives on international
  dilemmas such as Prisoners Dilemma (PD)
• Dominant short-term strategy is to defect,
  not cooperate, when long-term interest is to
  cooperate
• Reciprocity important norm to resolve this
  problem
• Other norms exist shared expectations about
  rules of conduct

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Problems w/. N-Person Games

• Increase of actors, increase of complexities
• Bilateral strategies not effective
• Defection problem free riding problem
  (cheating) some states benefit from someone
  elses provision of collective goods

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Collective Goods

• Tangible or intangible goods (benefits) that are
  available to all members of the international
  system, regardless of their individual
  contribution.
• E.g collective security, sustainable natural
  environment are collective goods

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Collective Goods Problem (1)

• PD-like dilemma
• Collective good problems all states can lower
  contribution to collective goods (e.g. pollute
  more or lower costs of contribution)
• Counter dilemma w/. establishment of context of
  rules, norms, habits institutions

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Collective Goods Problem (2)

• Collective goods are easier to provide in smaller
  groups
• Free-riding is easier to detect
• Pb no central authority to enforce all states
  contributions
• Solution need to institutionalize
• Creation of IOs
• Regime creation

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International Regimes

• International regimes are defined as principles,
  norms, rules and decision-making procedures
  around which actor expectations converge in a
  given issue-area
• S. Krasner, ed., International Regimes, 1983, p.
  1

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International Regimes (IR)

• Principles beliefs of fact, causation
• Norms standards of behavior (rights
  obligations)
• Rules sequence of procedures, specific
  prescriptions for action
• Decision-making practices for making and
  implementing collective choice
• IR Arrangements that are characterized by the
  condition of complex interdependence

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Examples of International Regimes (IR)

• Security regimes Concert of Europe (1815-1854),
  Ballistic Missile Technology Control regime
• Financing monetary regimes Bretton Woods
  system (post-WW2)

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I. Examples of International Regimes (IR)

• Regimes pertaining to refugees, ozone layer,
  global warming, law of the sea, etc
• Specific rules which determine how to proceed and
  which coordinate types of transactions

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I. Different Meanings of International Regimes
(IR)?

• Different from domestic governments of States
• From narrow meaning explicit or implicit
  internationally agreed arrangements, executed w/.
  help of an IO (Keohane Nye, 1983)
• To wider interpretation any stable distribution
  of power to influence outcomes (system, order)

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I. International Regimes As Solutions to
Collective Goods Problem

• Each actor expected to play by same rules
• Increase transparency cheating is harder to
  conceal more costly
• Improve coordination information between states
• End-result realization of self-interest
• Help provide stability in absence of world
  government

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I. Different Conceptions of Int. Regimes (IR)

• Realists IR depend on state power for their
  enforcement no role in situations where states
  can maximize interests through unilateral actions
  (costs of providing collective good is higher
  than benefits)
• Liberal Institutionalists cooperation is
  encouraged when states understand that
  realization of self-interest is fostered by IR

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I. Hegemonic Stability Theory (1)

• Regimes are most effective when a hegemon emerges
• Hegemons can enforce rules norms unilaterally,
  avoiding collective goods problem
• They help create regimes b. in their interest
• Neo-Liberals hegemons can maintain free trade
  world economic growth

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I. Definition of the Hegemon

• State that temporarily gains a preponderance of
  power in the international system
• It can unilaterally dominate the rules
• and procedures that guide international
  political and economic relations

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I. Hegemonic Stability Theory (2)

• Prediction strong hegemonic powers increase
  international stability and peace
• E.g Britain in 19th c. (regime for the oceans),
  US after WW2 initiated and maintained global
  economic and security framework
• Todays institutions and rules were established
  during periods of hegemony

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I. Hegemonic Stability Theory (3)

• Hegemony provides order in international system,
  reduces anarchy
• Hegemony provides some functions which are
  similar to a central government
• Hegemon cedes some power to international
  institutions to realize self-interest

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I. Some Questions About Hegemonic Stability
Theory

• Other states try to influence rules through their
  participation to int. institutions
• What if the hegemons interests do not coincide
  with other countries interests?
• Issues of infringement of State sovereignty
• Debate about decline of US hegemony