Church and State in Europe

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• Church and State in Europe
• MR DOUG PERKINS

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TODAY

• Admin
• News
• Cool terms
• Politics and Religion in Europe and Australia

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ADMIN STUFF

• Exams Low Average
• Why You Should Not panic
• Challenge will improve everyones grade (if you
  take the time to do it right)
• Get exam at end of class
• Challenges due 10/23 e-mail preferred
• The short answers were very good
• Remaining grades are essay and short answer
• Get Exams
• Sign-Up for Extra Credit

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SOME NEWS
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Review Cleavages

• Why is politics about one thing and not another?
• Why do we identify with one group and not
  another?
• A Couple of Cool Concepts
• Reinforcing Cleavages
• Cross-Cutting Cleavages

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FREEZING HYPOTHESIS

• Lipset and Rokkan
• Formation and Endurance of Cleavages
• Formation of Political Identification
• Relative Timing of Democratization ...
• Reformation
• National Revolution
• Industrial Revolution
• Cleavages Freeze
• Mechanism Party Organizations
• Some party organizations do this better than
  others

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WHAT IS A POLITICAL PARTY?

• Anthony Downs
• An Economic Theory of Democracy
• A political party is a team of individuals
  seeking to control the governing apparatus by
  gaining office in a duly contested election.
  (page 25)
• Simplification Parties as Rational Actors
• What do we miss?

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PARTY FORMATION AND EVOLUTION

• Cadre Parties First Parties
• Small Electorate
• ratio of pols/voters small
• Candidate-centered
• Mass Parties Came Next
• Historical Cause
• Unions
• Porous Bureaucracy
• Paradigmatic Party Type
• Effects of Mass Parties
• For Regime Stability
• For Socialization/Identity
• Evolved into Catch-All Parties
• Less need for a standing army
• Utility of the media
• Evolved into Cartel Parties
• Cadre Parties Resurgent

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HOW MANY PARTIES?

• Duvergers Law
• Single member districts favor two party
  systems
• Proportional Representation tends to support
  multiparty system
• Important Term District Magnitude
• The number of representatives elected from each
  district
• The higher the district magnitude, the more
  proportional the system is.
• How Does it Work?
• Mechanical Effect (see handout)
• Psychological Effect
• Party System of parties (and spread)

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WHICH ONE IS BEST?

• TWO PARTIES
• Accountability
• Stability (govt)
• Stability (society)
• Minorities?
• Less Democratic?
• /- Responsive?

• MANY PARTIES
• - Accountability
• - Instability (govt)
• - Instability (society)
• Minorities Reprsntd
• More Democratic?
• /- Responsive

Should we change?
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HEGEMONY ANDCREATING TRENCHES NOT JUST FOR
THE LEFT

• Organized Religion felt Under Siege
• Challenged by the Liberals
• Lukewarm support from the Conservatives
• Challenged by the Socialists
• What to do about Catholic Workers?
• Potential Strategies
• Stathis Kalyvas on Christian Democratic Parties
• How might this theory be applied to organized
  religion ( other groups) in the US and abroad.

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THE NETHERLANDSPRINCIPLED PLURALISM

• Densely Populated (15 Million)
• Religiously Divided
• Catholic South (4.7 million)
• Protestant South
• Reformed Church (3.3 million)
• Lutherans, etc. (1.1 million)
• Other
• Traditionally Tolerant
• Strong Individualist Ethic (Weber)
• Strong Cooperative Spirit

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IDEOLOGICALLY POLARIZED

• Secularization since 1960s
• Membership
• Roman Catholic 37 -gt 31
• Calvinist 38 -gt 21
• No Preference 21 -gt 44
• Activity (of Members)
• Roman Catholic 87 -gt 26
• Reformed drop smaller
• But Still Large Core of Activists
• 23 Very Active in Church
• Highest in Europe
• 40 Monthly Attendance
• Among the Highest in Europe
• And Equally Large Number of Non-Attenders (41)
• This is Evidence of Polarization

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EDUCATION POLICY

• Same Story as Kalyvas
• Liberal Goal Homogenous, Enlighten, and
  Democratize
• Mechanism? Education of Particular Sort
• Non-dogmatic
• Universal
• Unitarian Morality
• Sectarian Education is Antithetical to these
  Goals
• Orthodox Reaction
• Liberalism became more Anti-Clerical

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EDUCATION CONTD

• School Law of 1867
• Higher Standards for Schools
• More Money to Public Schools
• Schools not Meeting Standards to be Closed
• No Support for Private Schools
• An Attack on Religion?
• Reaction?
• Organize at the Grass Roots Level
• Why a Different Reaction in US?

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CONSERVATIVE REACTON

• Catholics and Protestants Work Together!?
• How Could They Work Together?
• Monstrous Alliance
• Won a Majority in 1888
• Changed Religious Laws
• New System Written into Constitution (1917)
• The constitution was a compromise
• Resulting Model of Education?

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RELIGIOUS PLURALISM

• Well Developed Theology
• Religious Defense of Pluralism
• Over Theocracy or State Church
• Free State, Free Church
• Did not Accept Secular as being Neutral
• Supported Parallel Development
• Why is this Different than the US?
• What do You Think? Is This Pluralism Better
  than Ours?
• Why not Separation into Separate States?
• Rustow
• How can Polarized Societies Stay Together?

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PILLARS AND CORPORATISM

• Parallel Development led to Segmented
  Sub-Cultures
• Not Just Education Policy
• Used as a Model for all Areas
• Reformed, Catholic, Socialist, Liberal
• Allowed for Full Development of Cultural Identity
• Seemed to Work!
• Diverse People, Remained Peaceful, Prosperous,
  and Tolerant
• How? Corporatism
• Pillars Breaking Down
• Respect for Ideologies Remain
• But for How Long?

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PILLARS AND CORPORATISM

• Parallel Development led to Segmented
  Sub-Cultures
• Not Just Education Policy
• Used as a Model for all Areas
• Reformed, Catholic, Socialist, Liberal
• Allowed for Full Development of Cultural Identity
• Seemed to Work!
• Diverse People, Remained Peaceful, Prosperous,
  and Tolerant
• How? Corporatism
• Pillars Breaking Down
• Respect for Ideologies Remain
• But for How Long?
• What about new religions?

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AUSTRALIA PRAGMATIC PLURALISM

• In Some Ways, Similar to US
• Dominated by European Immigrants
• Most Similar Design
• Religion not Protected
• Depends on Politics and Culture
• But Policies are Similar to Netherlands
• New Development 1974
• Until then, similar to US
• Why the change? Politics
• Divide in Labor, Labor and Libs wanted Catholic
  Vote
• New Policy is Very Popular
• Would it Be Popular Here?
• To What Effect?

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QUESTIONS???