Acts before separation of Subcontinent

1
Acts before separation of Sub-continent

• By
• M. Hasan Khan
• S.M. Zohaib
• Saad ImranNauman Pervaiz
• Adil Saeed Khan

2
Act of 1861

• By Hasan Khan

3
Back Ground

• Complete control of British on political system.
• East India company over powered the political
  system.
• Muslims were facing disrespect.
• Indians had no political representation.
• Sir. Syed Ahmed Khan suggested to include Indian
  people in political system.

4
Act of 1861

• First ever constitutional structure.
• Indian people were included in governor general's
  council.
• The number of the members of the legislative
  councils was increased.

5
Act of 1861

• The governor was given authority to nominate at
  least six persons to his Council
• The nominated members could not criticize the
  actions of Council
• The governor-general could issue ordinance and
  was authorized to veto provincial legislation

6
Act of 1861 (Results)

• The enforcement of Legislative Council Act of
  1861 was the first step taken for the
  constitutional reforms in India.
• It provided in spite of its limited scope, an
  opportunity to the Indian people to safeguard
  their political interests.
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was nominated as the member
  of the legislative council

7
Act of 1892

• By Nauman Pervaiz

8
Back Ground

• All Indian National Congress was founded in 1885
• Irod Ripon (1880-1884)
• Liberal Government in England
• Lord Dufferin appointed a committee to examine
  the issues and make a report.
• The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was the result of
  the recommendations.

9
Act of 1892

• Expansion in the size of the Governor General's
  legislative council.
• The members were to be nominated, subject to the
  approval of the Secretary of State
• 16 additional members in the legislative council,
  6 were official members, 5 were nominated
  non-official members and 5 were elected, one by
  the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce, and four from
  the four provincial councils.

10
Act of 1892

• The maximum number of additional members of the
  Bengal Presidency was fixed at 20 and those of
  the North-Western Province and Oudh at 15.

11
Results

• The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was significant
  in a sense that it not only increased the number
  of non-official members of the legislative bodies
  both at the provincial and national levels
• Introduced the principle of election in a limited
  way through such constituencies as municipal
  bodies

12
Act of 1909

• Back Ground
• Defacts
• Overall Look
• By Saad Imran

13
Back Ground

• The act contained the fowling provision
• demands for the separate electorate was conceded
• the preparation of separate electoral rolls was
  ordered
• the legislative councils were expanded
• the authority of the council was increased
• the viceroy councils membership at sixty
  members
• the membership of the provinces of Bengal ,Bihar
  , Bombay and orissa was fixed at fifty members
  were as the membership of the provinces of
  Punjab, Assam was fixed at 30 members
• the Indians were included in the executive
  council of the viceroy and in the provincial
  executive councils
• the local bodies , trade unions and universities
  were allowed to elect their member
• lt. governors were appointed in Bengal , Bombay
  and madras.

14
Defects

• Did not provide for mode of electing the
  representatives
• The voting rights were squeezed
• The authority of elected were negligible
• The nominated members were in majority
• Provincial expenditure were controlled by the
  central government

15
Overall Look

• Any how no one can deny the importance and
  utility of reforms. As it acceded the Muslims,
  their much cherished demand
• Separate electorate in the provinces
• Conferred on the Muslims the double vote
• Gave imputes to the constitutional in the India
• Amazing political triumph
• Muslim league performed in the commendable manner

16
Act of 1919

• By S.M. Zohaib

17
Back Ground

• S.A.ROWIATT
• STOP POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
• QUAID AZAM RESIGNED
• INCIDIEND OF JALLIANWALA BAGH

18
Response

• EDWIN MONTAGUE
• MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS

19
Act of 1919

• Bicameral legislature was established in the
  center . The upper house was know as council of
  state and lower house was knows as central
  legislative assembly. The membership of upper
  house was fixed at 60 member while the lower
  house consisted of 146 members.
• The upper house was elected for 5 years and he
  lower house for 3 years.
• Separate electorate was retained for the Muslims.

20
Act of 1919

• Self-government would be established gradually in
  India.
• The system of dyarchy was introduced at the
  provincial level. By this system the provincial
  subjects were divide d into two categories as the
  transferred and reserved subjects
• The subject were divided between the center and
  provinces. The central subjects were defenses,
  foreign affairs, currency ,railways and
  telecommunication. The provincial subject
  included Education , Health ,Irrigation and local
  government.

21
Act of 1935

• By Adil Saeed Khan

22
Back Ground

• After the failure of the Third Round Table
  Conference, the British government gave the Joint
  Select Committee the task of formulating the new
  Act for India.
• The Committee comprised of 16 members each from
  the House of Commons and House of Lords, 20
  representatives from British India and seven from
  the princely states.
• Lord Linlithgow was appointed as the president
  ofthe Committee

23
Act of 1935

• A Federation of India was promised for,
  comprising both provinces and states. The
  provisions of the Act establishing the federal
  centralgovernment were not to go into operation
  until a specified number of rulers of states had
  signed Instruments of Accession. Since, this did
  not happen, the central government continued to
  function in accordance with the 1919 Act and only
  the part of the 1935 Act dealing with the
  provincial governments went into operation.
• The Governor General remained the head of the
  central administration and enjoyed wide powers
  concerning administration, legislation and
  finance.
• No finance bill could be placed in the Central
  Legislature without the consent of the Governor
  General.

24
Act of 1935

• The Federal Legislature was to consist of two
  houses, the Council ofState (Upper House) and
  the Federal Assembly (Lower House).
• The Council of State was to consist of 260
  members, out of whom 156 were to be elected from
  the British India and 104 to be nominated by the
  rulers of princely states.
• The Federal Assembly was to consist of 375
  members out of which 250 were to be elected by
  the Legislative Assemblies of the British Indian
  provinces while 125 were to be nominated by the
  rulers of princely states.
• The Central Legislature had the right to pass any
  bill, but the billrequired the approval of the
  Governor General before it became Law. On the
  other hand Governor General had the power to
  frame ordinances.

25
Act of 1935

• The Secretary of State was not expected to
  interfere in matters that the Governor dealt
  with, with the help of Indian Ministers.
• The provinces were given autonomy with respect to
  subjects delegated to them.
• Diarchy, which had been established in the
  provinces by the Act of 1919, was to be
  established at the Center. However it came to an
  end in the provinces.
• Two new provinces Sindh and Orissa were created.

26
Act of 1935

• Reforms were introduced in N. W. F. P. as were in
  the other provinces.Separate electorates were
  continued as before.
• One-third Muslim representation in the Central
  Legislature was guaranteed.
• Autonomous provincial governments in 11
  provinces, under ministries responsible to
  legislatures, would be setup.
• Burma and Aden were separated from India.

27
Act of 1935

• The Federal Court was established in the Center.
• The Reserve Bank of India was established.

28
Results

• Both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim
  League opposed the Act, butparticipated in the
  provincial elections of winter 1936-37.
• At the time of independence, the two dominions of
  India and Pakistan accepted the Act of 1935.