Apologetics and World Religions

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Apologetics and World Religions

• ARS
• John Oakes, PhD and
• Dan Conder
• May 28,29 2010

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Course Outline

• A. Introduction to the Topic and Definitions
• B. Christianity What are we comparing to? The
  Christian world view.
• C. Eastern Religions Pantheism/Monism
• Hindism
• Buddhism
• Taoism, Jaina, Confucianism, Shinto, Sikkhism
• D. Other Monotheisms
• Islam
• Judaism
• Bahai
• E. Scientology, Christian Science and other
  strange religions
• F. Pseudo-Christian Religions
• Mormonism
• Jehovahs Witnes
• Seventh Day Adventism
• G. Roman Catholicism

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Class Requirements

• Reading Assignment
• Required Reading
• The Illustrated Guide to World Religions by
  Michael D. Coogan  Oxford University Press. 
• Essay Apologetics and the Christian World View
  J. Oakes http//www.evidenceforchristianity.org/i
  ndex.php?optioncom_custom_contenttaskviewid51
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• Suggested/Supplemental Reading for Extra Credit
• The Compact Guide to World Religions Dean C.
  Halverson. 
• Answering Islam Geissler and Saleeb
• Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus Brown
• The Quran
• Etc.
• Final Exam (essays, mostly)
• Visit at least two of the following mosque,
  temple, shrine, or etc. (and write a brief
  report).
• Submit an approx 6 page paper on an approved
  topic.

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A. What is Religion?

• From the Latin ligateto tie or bind to the gods
• Webster Any system of faith or worship the
  outward manifestation of belief in a supreme or
  superior being.
• From my SCI 110 class
• Religion is a belief in something
• The belief is not necessarily substantiated by
  physical or material evidence
• Religious knowledge is obtained through holy
  writings, authority, revelations and religious
  experiences
• Religious believers have faith in such knowledge
• Practical Definition I dont know what religion
  is, but I sure know one when I see one.

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Things we will not cover

• Various Philosophies
• Postmodernism, Secular Humanism,
  Scientism/naturalism, Existentialism, Marxism,
  Stoicism, Epicureanism, neo-Platonism
• More obscure religions
• Iglesia de Cristo (Philippines) Falun Gong
  (China) Unification Church (Sun Myung Moon)
  Paganism/Wicca Zoroastianism, Manichaeism,
  Santaria, etc.

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What About Cults?

• Webster
• 1. A cult is a particular ritual or system of
  worship.
• 2. Involves devoted or extravagant homage or
  adoration of some figure.
• A strong negative connotation in the US.
• Is the Unification Church (Moonies) a cult?
• What about Falun Gong? (1999 declared an evil
  cult by PRC)
• What about Mormons?
• Suggestion Lets not use this word.

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Definitions

• Animism Anima spirit. A religious system
  which includes the belief that spirits inhabit
  inanimate objects and phenomena.
• Polytheism Poly many. A belief that the
  universe is governed by many gods.
• Pantheism (monism) Pan all. A belief that a
  spirit fills the universe. God is the universe,
  and we are part of God.
• Panentheism God is in everything (stoicism)
• Dualism A belief that the universe is governed
  by nearly equally matched forces of good and
  evil. (Zoroastrianism, Manicaeism, Taoism)

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Definitions (cont.)

• Deism A belief in a distant, uninvolved God who
  is creator, but does not interact with his
  creation. (Epicureanism)
• Monotheism A belief that the universe is
  created/governed by a single omnipotent/omniscient
  /omnipresent spiritual being.
• Asceticism A belief that enlightenment or a
  close relationship with deity is obtained by an
  extreme denial of worldly pleasures and
  possessions. Associated with monasteries,
  monks, nuns, etc..
• Mysticism A belief which sees enlightenment and
  spiritual power coming through meditation/direct
  personal experience of God. Mystical experience
  may be gained through use of drugs, drumming,
  dance, etc. A highly individualized form of
  religion.

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Other important concepts

• Scripture The list of primary authoritative
  writings for a particular religion.
• Inspiration The belief that a particular
  writing, edict or tradition comes by direct
  communication from divinity, and is therefore
  perfect and authoritative.
• Myth A story, presumably fictionalized, about a
  divine interaction with human beings which
  teaches an important religious truth.

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Jesus Christ I came to testify to the
truth. Pontius Pilate What is truth?
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One Point of View Wide is the gate and broad
is the road that leads to destruction, and many
enter through it. But small is the gate and
narrow the road that leads to life, and only a
few find it. -Jesus of Nazareth (Matthew
713-14) I am the way, the truth and the life.
No one comes to the Father except through me.
Jesus of Nazareth (John 146)
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Another Point of View Different Paths to the
Same Goal?
God
Islam
Bahai
Mysticism
Buddhism
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Are all religions simply different paths to the
same goal?

• There is some similarity between most or all
  religions.
• All man-made religions contain truth.
• But. On the most basic level of theology, all
  other religions (except Judaism?) are
  incommensurate with Christianity
• If Hinduism is right, then Jesus Christ is a
  deceiver and an enemy of truth.

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The Bible and Other World Views

• If Genesis 11 is true, then animism, polytheism,
  pantheism, dualism, naturalism, deism,
  postmodernism and every other ism is false.
• Conflicting world views cannot be accommodated
  with one another. Biblical theism is
  incompatable with all these other world views.

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How, then, should we interact with members of
other religions?

• Find common ground.
• Give respect where respect is due.
• Acknowledge the good and do not make personal
  attacksespecially toward revered people.
• Highlight distinctions in world view/theology and
  introduce them to Jesus Christ.
• This is EXACTLY what Paul did in Acts 1722-34

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The Bible and Other World Views (cont.)

• Acts 1716-34 Paul shares the gospel by arguing
  for the Christian World View.
• v. 22-23 Paul finds common ground.
• v. 24-28 Paul argues for the superiority and the
  truth of the Christian world view as opposed to
  Epicureanism/pantheism and Stoicism/deism
• v. 28 Paul quotes from Aretas a Stoic
  philosopher. For we are his offspring.
• v. 29-31 Having laid the groundwork, Paul points
  them to Jesus.
• v. 32-34 Some, but not all were converted.

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Acts 1716-34 Paul confronts Greek World Views

• God is Creator. He exists outside creation.
• Disproves pantheism/Stoicism.
• God is close to us.
• Disproves deism/Epicureanism.
• God is personal and has given us an individual
  purpose.
• God will bring all of us to judgment. Evil will
  be defeated
• Disproves dualism/Gnosticism.

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B. Christianity The Christian World View

• One's world view is the perspective one uses to
  process and interpret information received about
  the world. 
• James W. Sire put it this way, "A world view is a
  set of presuppositions (ie. assumptions) which we
  hold about the basic makeup of our world." 
• James W. Sire, The Universe Next Door
  (InterVarsity Press, 1997)

A Jain World View
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A Good World View Defined

• A. It is true.
• It is consistent with reality.
• It is consistent with what we know to be true
  from experience. It works.
• B. It answers satisfactorily the questions people
  really want answered.
• What is prime reality/the ultimate cause/the
  nature of God?)
• What is the nature of external reality-the world
  around us?
• What is a human being?
• What happens to a person at death?
• Why is it possible for us to know anything at
  all?
• How do we know what is right and wrong?
• What is the meaning of human history?
• What is my purpose?
• What is the nature of my relationship, with the
  "prime reality?"
• C. It causes those who hold to it to be better
  people than they would otherwise have been if
  they held to competing alternative world views.

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The Christian World View

• 1. The physical world is a. real b.
  created out of nothing (ex nihilo) and c.
  essentially good.
• 2. There exists an unseen spiritual reality which
  is not limited to or defined by the physical
  reality. Human beings have a spiritual aspect to
  their nature.
• 3. The creator of both the physical and spiritual
  realm is the God who reveals himself in the
  Bible.
• 4. Human beings have both a physical and a
  spiritual nature, The spiritual nature is more
  essential as it is eternal.
• 5. God is not easily defined but he can be
  characterized by certain qualities. God is a
  person. God is love, God is just, God is holy,
  God is omniscient, omnipotent and omnipresent.

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The Christian World View (cont.)

• 6. Although all Gods creation, including the
  physical world is good, evil does exist. Such
  evil is the result of freedom of will given to
  created beings and their subsequent decision to
  use that freedom to rebel--to sin
• 7. Because of Gods justice and his holiness,
  those who choose to rebel against him will
  ultimately be judged and separated from God for
  eternity.
• 8. The solution to evil, to sin and its eternal
  consequences is provided by God through the
  atoning substitutionary sacrifice of Jesus
  Christ.
• Our job in the rest of this course is to compare
  this world view to that of other religions and to
  analyze which is the best world view.

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C. Eastern Religions

• Hinduism
• Buddhism
• Jaina
• Taoism
• Confucianism
• Shinto
• Sikkhism
• Zoroastrianism
• Western Monism New Age Religions

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HINDUISM

• The principle religion of India.
• Approximately 1,000,000,000 adherents.
• Began as animism/polytheism
• Evolved into polytheism/pantheism
• Syncretistic. Hinduism is not really a single
  religion.

Ganesh a Hindu deity God of wisdom and intellect
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History of Hinduism

• Aryan invasions about 1500 BC
• Early animistic religions of Indian subcontinent
  merged with Aryan/Persian religion
• Gradually, a huge pantheon of gods distilled down
  to the chief deities, Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva

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Principle gods of Hinduism
Lakshmi

• Brahma Chief god of the pantheon.
• Shiva God of destruction. Worshipped
• as a male phalus.
• Vishnu Preserver and protector.
• Krishna The eighth emanation of Vishna.
• Rama Seventh incarnation of Vishna. Hero of
  the Ramayana.
• Devi Chief female deity. The power (shakti)
  that animates the cosmos.
• Lakshmi Female consort of Vishnu. Godess of
  prosperity.

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Krishna, Incarnation of deity
Rama, Hero of the Ramayana
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Scriptures of Hinduism

• Vedas Poems. Ritualistic, priestly. 1500-1000
  BC. Especially the Rig Veda. Include the
  Brahmanas.
• Upanishads Highly philosophical essays about
  brahman, atman, transmigration of atman, karma
  and so forth. 800-600 BC.
• Epics (Ramayana, Mahabarata, Bhagavad Gita)
  Mythic adventures of Rama, Krishna and others.
• Puranas Largely local legends, myths, many
  local deities. AD 400-1000. This is the
  scripture of most local Hindus.
• Tantras Religious discussions/teachings.

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Important Hindu Terminology

• Brahman universal soul
• Atman soul, essence atman is part of a
  brahman.
• Maya illusion
• Reincarnation a disincarnated soul enters a new
  body, starting a new existence (samsara)
• Shakti power
• Karma a principle of cause and effect
• Nirvana oneness with brahman
• Dharma righteousness, teaching

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Hindu World View

• Maya. The physical world is an illusion. The
  physical world is evil. Suffering is an
  illusion.
• Brahman. Universal soul. Pantheism.
• Atman (soul). When we die, atman is swallowed up
  in Brahman
• The goal Escape cycle of karma and
  reincarnation
• Nirvana oneness with the universal soul which is
  within yourself.
• The Hindu world view has man looking inward, not
  outward.

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Caste System

• A historical remnant of the Vedic system and the
  interaction between the Aryans and the natives of
  the subcontinent
• Brahmins the priestly (Aryan) class
• Kshatriyas The ruling class. Kings,
• landlords, warriors.
• Vaishayas merchants
• Shudras servant/trade classes
• Untouchables

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Modern Hinduism

• Yogic practices
• Gurus (teacher), yogi (practitioners), sadhu
  (holy men)
• Transcendental Meditation
• Hare Krishna

Paramahansa Yogananda
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Hinduism and Time

• Time is cyclic. There is a wheel of time.
• World is cyclically created by Brahma, sustained
  by Vishnu and destroyed by Shiva.
• Creative/destructive cycles called Yugas
• A universe lasts for one Brahma day 4,320,000
  years
• Satya yuga (Krita yuga)- 1,728,000 Human years
  (already past)
• Treta yuga- 1,296,000 Human years (already past)
  
• Dwapar yuga- 864,000 Human years (already past)
• Kali yuga- 432,000 Human years (5,110 years have
  passed 426,890 years remain). Kaliyuga started
  in 3,102 B.C. CE 2008 corresponds to Kaliyuga
  year 5,110

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Hindism and Time (cont)

• One full cycle 100 Brahma years 311 trillion
  years.
• Then Brahma himself dies and is reborn

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Hindu Cosmology

• Many different levels of heavens/worlds/hells
• These levels are horizontal (flat)
• The physical world is illusory and it is evil
• Lower levels are even more evil than ours

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Angkor Wat Mount Meru
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Popular Hindu Cosmology

• The earth is on the back of four elephants
  standing on top of a turtle, encircled by a
  serpent, swimming in a sea of milk
• The Sutras

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Hindu Cosmology
Time is cycliclike a snake that bites its own
tail. Remember, the world is not real. Hindu
apologetics?
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Is The Hindu World View a Good One?

• Is it true?
• Hindu cosmology (cyclic time, earth on the back
  of four elephants on a turtle swimming in a bowl
  of milk) is patently false.
• The physical world is real and it is good.
• Evil is NOT an illusion
• Does it answer the important questions?
• It does better than postmodernism or naturalism!
• Does accepting this world view make one a better
  person?
• Debatable. Better than naturalism. Karma.
  Self-focus and dispassion are not helpful.
• Suffering is not real.
• Evil is not real.

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Buddhism

• Principle religion of Korea, Japan, Cambodia,
  Vietnam, Thailand, Burma Sri Lanka and China?
• 400,000,000 adherents.
• A reaction against the rigid priestly system of
  Hinduism.
• Pantheistic, or arguably non-theistic. A
  philosophy, a psychology.

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Life of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)

• Born into a wealthy family in north India about
  550 BC.
• Renounced his birthright. Sought nirvana/god
  through asceticism.
• Decided on a middle path between asceticism and
  sensuality.
• Created the eight-fold path to enlightenment
  (nirvana).

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The Spread of Buddhism
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The Four Noble Truths of Siddhartha

• Suffering is not getting what one wants.
• The cause of suffering is desire which leads to
  rebirth.
• The way to end suffering is to end desire.
• The way to the end of desire and of suffering is
  the eight-fold path.
• Buddhism encourages dispassion, not compassion.

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The eight-fold path to bodhi/dharma/nirvana/lack
of suffering

• Right viewpoint (the four noble truths).
• Right values.
• Right speech.
• Right actions.
• Right livelihood
• Right effort
• Right mindfulness
• Right meditation

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Important Terms to Understand Buddhism

• Nirvana awakened state, lack of suffering.
• Bodhi awakenment, enlightenment.
• Bodhisattva an awakened being.
• Dharma the Buddhas teachings.
• Sangha the Buddhist community of monks and
  nuns.
• Maitreya the second coming of Buddha
  prophesied.

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Schools/Sects of Buddhism

• Mahayana (the greater vehicle) China, Korea,
  Japan. Ideal of the bodhisattva. Stresses the
  divine nature of the Buddha. Many mini-buddhas
  (bodhisattvas).
• Theravada Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma. A more
  pure form of Buddhism?
• Zen. An offshoot of Mahayana which emphasizes
  meditation to achieve nirvana.
• Vajrayana Stresses tantric practices, rituals,
  initiations, mystical power. Tibet, Mongolia.
  Similar to Gnosticism.

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Practices of Buddhism

• Many monks and nuns who live ascetic lives
• Lay Buddhists follow the five precepts, which
  are, 1. do not kill 2. do not steal. 3. do
  not have sex. 4. do not lie and 5. do not
  get drunk
• Meditation is a big part of many Buddhist
  traditions, involving the saying of a mantra. (Om
  Mani Padme Hum).

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Buddhist Scripture

• The Tripitaka three baskets Three sets of the
  supposedly original sayings and teachings and
  philosophy of Buddha. These were oral only for
  about 400 years.
• Disputes over the content of the Tripitaka led
  eventually to the Theravada, Mahayana and other
  sects.
• Jatakas Mahayana stories of previous
  incarnations of Siddhartha Buddha. Buddhism is a
  striving through many lives to come to a
  bodhisattva state.

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Buddhist Cosmology

• Like Jaina, Hinduism, a vertical cosmology, with
  multiple levels/earths/heavens/lokahs
• 31 planes of existence, each with 3 realms.
• Higher ones more blissful, lower ones more like
  hell.
• Endless cycle of time Cosmic wheel.

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Buddhist Cosmology
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Borodbur in Indonesia A Buddhist concept of the
world
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Questions Can we take the Eastern ideas about
cosmology seriously in the context of modern
science? How does this compare to biblical
cosmology and ideas about creation? Is the
Buddhist World View a good one? Is it
True? Does it provide satisfactory
answers to the imporant questions? Are
those who accept this world view better for
having done so?
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Jainism

• Founder Mahavira 600-540 BC
• Last of 24 gurus. Parshva 750 BC?
• Location India mostly.
• About 5,000,000 practitioners
• A reaction to worldly, priestly Hinduism

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Jaina Theology

• Very strong emphasis on asceticism
• Siddhartha may have been a follower before
  finding a middle way.
• We are souls trapped in a body. The goal escape
  the body to reach nirvana through ascetic
  practices.
• Reincarnation
• Karma
• Pantheistic

The Svastika a symbol of samsara (rebirth)
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Jaina Scriptures

• The Purvas. Sayings of the 24 gurus all the
  original Purvas were lost.
• Agama Sutras Sayings of Mahavira

Jaina Sects Digambaras Monks are nude, only
males can reach enlightenment. Shvetambaras
Wear white robes. Women can be ordained as nuns.
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Jaina Worldview

• A very strange cosmology. The universe is an
  infinitely repeating pattern of cycles of time.
• One of the gurus lived 70 trillion years and was
  3000 ft. tall.
• The earth is the center of the universe
• The universe has existed forever.
• Five Mahavrata or rules of ascetic living
• Ahimsa. Non-harming (fly-whisk, strain liquids,
  etc)
• Satya. Truthfulness
• Asteya. Non-stealing
• Celibacy
• Non-attachment

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Jain Cosmology

• The universe has existed forever.
• A cyclic wheel of time.
• Utsarpini A period of progressive happiness and
  purity. Time spans ages and sizes of people get
  much larger.
• Avsarpini A period of progressive sorrow and
  immorality. Time spans, ages and sizes of people
  get much smaller.
• Great teachers in the past lived for millions or
  billions of years and were thousands of meters
  tall.
• In the future, people will be even less
  religious, smaller and live shorter time.
• An extremely complicated cosmology with multiple
  levels of worlds/heavens.

A representation of Jain Cosmology
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Sikhism

• Location India, especially the Punjab.
  25,000,000 adherents.
• Founder Nanak (1469-1539)
• A compromise between Islam and Hinduism.
• Avowedly monotheistic, but with many Hindu ideas.

Nanak, founder of Jaina
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Sikh Teaching and Theology

• Reject polytheism but keep ideas of maya
  (illusion), samsara (reincarnation), karma
• Reject priestly system. All are equal before the
  True Name.
• Opposition to idolatry and to asceticism.
• Sikhs do not try to escape the world, but to
  participate in it.
• Works salvation Sin and sorrow are destroyed by
  hearkening.

The Golden Temple Amristar, India
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Scriptures of Sikkhism

• The Adi Granth Compiled by the fifth guru Arjun
  in 1604
• The Ganth of the Tenth King Written by the last
  of the ten great gurus of Sikhism Gobind Singh.
• The Janamsakhis Legends. Obviously mythical
  accounts of the life of Nanak, including
  miracles. (Nanak never claimed to be a miracle
  worker).

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Sikh Practices

• The wearing of the male turban is very
  characteristic.
• Baptism in sugar water holding a dagger.
• Sikhs have been warriors. They have been very
  militaristic.
• Sikhs are immersed in worldly affairs.
  Businessmen, merchants etc.
• Think of Sikhs as the opposite of Jains.

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Confucianism

• Founded by Confucius Kung Fu Tzu 551-478 BC.
• Principle religion in China? Is it a religion?
• Also influential in Korea and Viet Nam.
• Not a religious leaderhe accepted the religious
  superstition of his day as sufficient.
• AgnosticKeep aloof from spiritual matters, but
  perform the ceremony correctly.
• Utilitarian, conservative philosophy. Each
  person should accept his position in society for
  righteousness and stability. Strong emphasis on
  proper government, training for holding
  government office.

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Confucianism (cont.)

• Practical rather than esoteric.
• Ancestor worship stressed.
• Later Confucian philosophy involved emphasis on
  ying and yangthe competing balance between good
  vs. evil, physical vs. spiritual, hate vs. love.
  (Dualism)

Confucianism competed with two other
philosophies Taoism and Moism. Confucianism,
being more practical, generally won out.
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Confucian Scriptures

• I-Ching 1000 BC. Book of divination, magic.
• Shu-Ching. History, ancient documents, speeches.
• Shin-Ching 800-600 BC. Poetry used extensively
  by Confucius. Customs concerning courtship,
  marriage, war, agriculture, feasts, sacrifices,
  etc.
• Li Chi. Book of ceremonial etiquite. 200 BC
  200 AD.
• Chun Chiu. History of one Chinese province.
  Collected by Confucius?
• Lun Yu. Written down 400 BC. The sayings of
  Confucius, especially on ethics and government
• Analects of Confucius, etc

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Chinese symbol for Confucianism
Confucianism is a philosophy, a way of life, not
really a religion, although it has accreted ideas
such as chi yin and yang It can easily
coexist with other religions such as Buddhism,
Taoism and even Christianity.
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Taoism (Daoism)

• Founded by Lao Tzua contemporary of Confucius.
• Scripture The Tao Te Ching. Tao way Te
  power Ching teaching
• Basic doctrine Through non-involvement and
  withdrawal, we come to know god/deity. Emphasis
  on self-interest. The religion of selfishness.
• Pantheistic yet Dualistic. Experience God by
  contemplating nature.
• Emphasis on mysticism and magic.
• He would not pluck so much as a hair out of
  his head for the benefit of his fellow man.

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Taoist World View

• Pantheism Tao is an undifferentiated force of
  existence.
• Wu-wei Purposeful inactivity
• Self-focus, emphasis on mysticism and magic.
• Yin/Yang A balance of forces to be achieved.
  Good and evil are coexistent and mutually
  dependent.
• Is this a good world view?

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Bahai

• Founded by Baha-Ullah 1817-1892
• The Bab 1819-1850 The John the Baptist of Bahai
• Begun in Iran, moved to Iraq, Lebanon. Very
  widely spread today.
• About 7,000,000 adherents.
• A reform movement within Islam?

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History and Teaching

• The Bab was martyred in 1850
• in 1852 Baha-Ullah claims to have received a
  vision, while in prison, of a divine woman who
  declared him to be The Beauty of God amongst
  you. ie the next prophet.
• Bahai is the culmination of all the worlds
  religions. Moses, Krishna, Buddha, Jesus,
  Muhammad, BahaUllah.
• No priests, no ceremony.

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Theology and Teaching

• Monotheistic.
• God is unknowable The most Exalted, the
  Inaccessible.
• Baha-Ullah claimed to be
• The second coming of Christthat John 1416 was
  about him.
• The Maitreyathe second coming of Buddha.
• The new incarnation of Krishna
• The fulfillment of the Day of God in the Koran.
• Strong emphasis on equality, education, peace.
• Progressive Revelation. Religious truth is not
  absolute but relative.

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Teachings and Scripture.

• Salvation through keeping the law as handed down
  by Baha-Ullah
• Emphasis on good deeds, helping the poor,
  education
• Jesus did not die for our sins, because he did
  not have to. We are imperfect, but not lost.
• Scripture The writings of Baha-Ullah. There
  are many! An somewhat open scripture.

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Other World Religions

• Shintothe ancestral religion of Japan. Animist
• ZoroastrianismDualistic religion with origins in
  Persia. Worship of Ahura Mazda a fire god.

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Summary

• The theologies of world religions are
  fundamentally and diametrically opposed to one
  another. Many paths to the same God is a
  ludicrous philosophy.
• The truth of the Bible is confirmed by
• Clear evidence of inspiration (fulfilled
  prophecy, types and foreshadows, historical
  accuracy, scientific evidence, etc)
• Public miracles worked by Moses, Elijah and
  others, and especially by Jesus Christ (Hebrews
  23,4).

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A Question Who reaches out to whom?
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Initiative

• Human approach Truth
• God God
• Mankind Mankind

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Works Salvation Man reaches out to
God. Islam Hinduism Jaina Sikkhism Gnosticism New
Age Buddhism?
Salvation by Grace God reaches out to
man. Judaism Christianity
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New Age A Very Confusing Religion

• Is it
• Palm reading?
• Channeling?
• Seances?
• Meditation?
• Reincarnation?
• Occultism?
• Gurus?
• Paganism?
• Gnosticism?
• Mother Goddess worship?
• Yes all the above.

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So, What is New Age, Really?

• You are God, I am God, the trees are God, we all
  are God!
• New Age is Western pantheism
• New Age is a syncretistic blend of Gnosticism,
  Hinduism, Spiritualism, Mysticism, Buddhism and
  Paganism.
• New Age is Monism! God is everything I am
  God!!!
• Once we begin to see that we are all God, then
  I think the whole purpose of life is to re-own
  the God-likeness within us.

82

• Is This a good worldview?
• Is it true that I am God?
• Does it make me a better person to think that I
  am God?
• Does this solve the problem of evil and of sin?

83
Summary

• The theologies of world religions are
  fundamentally and diametrically opposed to one
  another. Many paths to the same God is a
  ludicrous philosophy.
• The world view of Christianity is radically
  different from any other religion. They cannot
  both be right!
• The truth of the Bible is confirmed by
• Clear evidence of inspiration (fulfilled
  prophecy, types and foreshadows, historical
  accuracy, scientific evidence, etc)
• Public miracles worked by Moses, Elijah and
  others, and especially by Jesus Christ (Hebrews
  23,4).

84
Islamic Theology

• Like Christianity and Judaism, Islam is
  monotheistic
• But there are several differences in the theology
  of these religions.
• In Islam God is more like the neo-Platonic idea
  of Godvery distant and removed from man.

85

• Islamic Theology
• Surely good deeds take away evil deeds
  (11114).
• Kabira (big sins)murder, adultery, drunkenness,
  disobeying parents, neglecting Ramadan or Friday
  prayers, gambling, dancing, shaving the beard,
  forgetting the Koran after reading it, usury
  Forgiveness with repentance.
• Saghira (little sins)deceit, anger, lust.
  Forgiveness if greater sins are avoided and good
  deeds are performed.
• Shirkassociation (of other gods with Allah). No
  forgiveness.

86

• Salvation by own effort
• (409, 3961, 743)
• Charity atones for sins
• (2271,277)
• Earn grace.
• Earn favor of Allah.
• Earn salvation.
• Earn paradise.

87
Islam Salvation is earned through the efforts
of those who were pre-selected by Allah to
inhabit a very sensual paradise. Christianity
Salvation is granted by the grace of a loving God
to those who, through faith and repentance and
baptism accept that love.
88
Islamic Worldview God is very distant from
mankind In Islam, Allah determines everything,
even who will choose to follow him. 2142, 639
6125 Inshallah God willing. It is Gods will
that people suffer. .
89
The Biblical World View

• The physical world is real and it is good.
  Genesis 131
• Only Islam agrees with this conclusion.
• This world is not our home.
• But, compassion James 127 Micah 68
• Christian groups are responsible for virtually
  all the worlds efforts to deal with poverty and
  human suffering in general and to work for social
  justice.

90
Scriptures of World Religions

• And we also thank God continually because, when
  you received the word of God, which you heard
  from us, you accepted it not as the word of men,
  but as it actually is, the word of God. 1 Thess
  213

91

• The Quran the Scripture of Islam
• Based on revelations from Gabriel to Mohammed.
• Compiled in the 7th century AD (the 600s).
• Contains 114 chapters, or suras, arranged from
  longest to shortest. Quite repetitive.
• About 80 the length of the New Testament.

92
Early Period in Mecca. Muhammad sees
himself as following tradition of Judaism.
Muslims pray toward Jerusalem. Early Medina
period. Mohammad begins to be politically
powerful. The idea of Jihad introduced.
Later Medina and Meccan period. Muhammad
strongly opposed to Jews and Christianity.
Islam definitely a distinct religion.
93
Historical errors in the Quran

• Ishmael Isaac 37102
• 2 trees in Eden 1 tree 20120
• Noahs 4th son drowns 1143
• Zechariah silent 3 days (not 9 months) 341
• Pharaohs magicians repent 2070
• Judges 7 / 1 Sam 17 conflated 2249
• Jesus childhood miracles 349, 5110, 1930

94
Scientific errors in Quran (I)

• 2314Creation from the clot of blood
• Then we made the sperm into a clot of congealed
  blood then from that clot we made a lump and we
  made out of that lump bones and clothed the bones
  with flesh.
• 1886Traveling west
• till, when he reached the setting-place of the
  sun, he found it setting in a muddy spring.

95
Scientific errors in Quran (II)

• 2133Sun and stars orbit the earth
• 1211 planets
• 349, 5244Piece of sky falls and kills someone
• 364, 2314 Man deposits child into the mother

96
Is Islam a Good World View?

• Is it true? Is Mohammed a prophet?
• Fifteen wives
• Massacre of 700 Jews
• Doctrine of Abrogation
• Science errors
• Does it make its followers better?
• Motivation to help others?
• Are women respected?
• Does emphasis on Jihad lead to loving
  non-Muslims?

97
Judaism
98
Where are they?

• 15 million Jews throughout the world (Mostly in
  the U.S., Israel former USSR)
• Jews makes up 83 of Israels population
• More Jews live in the U.S. than in Israel!
• A higher proportion of American Jews are
  religious (i.e., practice Judaism or profess some
  form of belief in Judaism) than in Israel!

99
Major Branches of Judaism

• Conservative 4.5 million
• Unaffiliated Secular 4.5 million
• Reform 3.75 million
• Orthodox 2 million

• Most Jews today do not strictly hold to the Law
• Many of Israel's Jews are secular - nonobservant
  and
• either nonreligious or even agnostic / atheist
  
• Religious Jews are in the minority in Israel

100
Post Old-Testament Jewish History

• 333-63BC Greek Period Hellenization of Holy
  Land Maccabean Revolt rise of Synagogue
  religious parties (Sadducees, Essenes, Pharisees)
• 63BC-200AD Roman period
• 70AD Jewish War results in the destruction of
  Herods Temple, Sanhedrin sacrificial system.
  Pharisees become dominant force in Judaism.
  Council of Jamnia solidifies this position.
  Synagogue system replaces Temple Judaism.
• 132AD Judean revolt sparked by Roman Emperor
  Hadrians building city Aelia Capitolina on top
  of ruins of Jerusalem. Jews banned from
  Jerusalem circumcision of converts forbidden
• 200-640AD Period of intense persecution mainly
  from the Christians, especially after
  Christianity became the religion of the Roman
  Empire

101

• 634-1096AD Age of the Gaons Muslim conquests
  bring many Jews under Islamic domain, improving
  quality of life considerably
• 1096AD Crusades specifically target Jews they
  are looted murdered en masse
• 1096-1348AD Jews expelled from England, not
  returning until 1650
• 1348 Jews accused of poisoning wells and
  causing the Black Death. (This resulted in many
  gruesome massacres across Europe.)
• 1348-1517 Jewish Influence After the
  massacres, Jews allowed to return to their
  cities, many becoming moneylenders.
• 1492 Jews in Spain offered choice of converting
  to Christianity or leaving the country.
• Wherever they went the exiles had a powerful
  impact.

102

• 1517-1700 Europe in Ferment Period started
  with a era of tolerance as authorities viewed
  Jews as useful. Massacres in 1648 1649
  devastated the Jews in Poland the Ukraine.
• 1700s-Present Large numbers migrated to the
  Americas (period of Jewish tolerance)
• 1880s Strong Aryan, anti-semitic movements
  began in France
• WWII Extermination of 1/3 of worlds Jewish
  population 6 million murdered
• 1948 Zionists pushed for received the State
  of Israel for the Jews to have a country once
  more. Battle for this territory still rages today

103

• Jewish Sects in 1st Century (Josephus)
• Pharisees (formerly the Hasidim)
• Sadducees
• Essenes
• Zealots

104
Pharisees

• Represented more of the common people
• Stressed holiness of life created a body of laws
  to prevent people from breaking laws (hedging)
• Not as strict as the Essenes
• Created the oral law eventually became the
  Talmud
• Unlike the Sadducees, they strongly resisted the
  Hellenistic culture
• Emerged as the dominant group after 70AD

105
Sadducees

• Composed of wealthy aristocrats priests
• Held to a very strict interpretation of the
  Scriptures
• Rejected the doctrine of the Resurrection
• Most members of the Sanhedrin were Sadducees
• Disappeared with Jerusalem destruction in 70AD

When John the Baptist saw many of the Pharisees
Sadducees coming to where he was baptizing, he
said to them You brood of vipers! Who warned
you to flee from the coming wrath? Matthew 37
106
Essenes

• Ascetic, monastic sect removed themselves from
  daily life to prevent being polluted by the
  corrupt world
• No personal possessions, very strict observation
  of community Sabbath rules, incl. no bowel
  movements
• Devoted themselves to study, with a focus on
  moral ethical learning
• Qumran sect is best known of this group the Dead
  Sea Scrolls were widely believed to be their work
• John the Baptist was an Essene? Not!

107
Zealots

• Term used to describe Jewish anti-Roman groups
  using both political military tactics
• Covered many different factions was not a party
  name
• Began in 6AD by Judas Maccabees based on
  inspiration of Phinehas (Numbers 2511)
• Sicarii (Dagger-men) most extreme branch
  carried short daggers, stabbing their enemies in
  broad daylight in large crowds, then joined the
  outraged crowd, adding their own cries of
  indignation
• Largely responsible for the beginning of the
  Jewish War, which led to the destruction of the
  Temple

108
Zealots

• One of the 12 apostles was Simon the Zealot
• Barabbas possibly Paul (Acts 223 Galatians
  114)
• Acts 2138 4,000 Assassins 4,000
  Terrorists
• Mark 157 The Insurrectionists
• Last Zealot Stronghold, Masada, fell in May 74AD

109
Orthodox vs. Reformed

• Most obvious division today is between Orthodox
  Progressive Jews
• Orthodox Jews adhere to a very strict biblical
  oral law (Talmud).
• Diligently follow Sabbatical laws Kosher
  regulations. (In their own eyes no other Jews are
  really Jews.)

110
Reformed Judaism

• Began in Germany in the 18th Century
• Followed philosophies of enlightenment, enjoying
  the benefits of the lessening persecution
• Soon many Jews adapted to their culture rather
  than holding to their traditions
• Using scientific inquiry and critical evaluation
  some even taught that man no longer needed to
  accept the revelation of the Torah as factual
  binding
• Changes in ritual law worship were encouraged
  dietary laws were abandoned and a more people
  friendly version of Judaism was born

111
Kabbalah (Mysticism)

• Branch of Judaism meaning Received Tradition
• Claims to be the oldest religion with origins
  dating back to Adam Abraham
• Possesses secret mystic truths
• Claims to hold the long-hidden keys to the
  secrets of the universe mysteries of the human
  heart soul
• Many similarities to Gnostic movements
• Essenes protected their writings, allegedly
  authored by Cain, Noah Jared
• Isaac Newton, Madonna, Britney Spears, Paris
  Hilton, Demi Moore, Ashton Kutcher, Mick Jagger,
  Anthony Kiedis

112
Kosher/Dietary Regulations

• Kosher Fit or clean according to Jewish dietary
  laws
• Regulations found in the Torah (Lev 11, Deut 14),
  but many more added through traditions
• Meat dairy products cant be eaten together.
  (Many households have 2 sets of dishes to prevent
  any contact
• Jewish hotels have 2 kitchens to prevent
  contamination
• Animals must be slaughtered prepared by a
  shochet, trained ordained in the kosher
  regulations
• Orthodox Jews follow these regulations
  meticulously average Jews do not

113
The Synagogue

• Place of Jewish communal worship
• Most Jews are members of a Synagogue although
  that does not mean that they regularly attend
• Mainly a place for reading scripture prayer
• Since 70AD (Destruction of the Temple), this has
  been the center of both religious cultural life
• May have originated after 586BC to replace temple
  worship while in exile, but it developed rapidly
  during the Intertestamental period

114
Christian Science and Scientology. What do they
have in common?

• Definitely not science!!

115
Christian Science

• Founder and chief prophet Mary Baker Eddy
  1821-1910
• Headquarters in Boston. Less that 1,000,000
  adherents.
• Influenced by Phineas Quimby and the New
  Thought movement.
• Quimby God is Universal Wisdom and
  Intelligence. God is Presence. God is
  Loving Principle.
• Emphasis on disease, spiritualism. Disease is an
  error, created not by God, but by man. No
  false beliefs ? no disease.

116
Mary Baker Eddy

• She was subject from infancy to convulsive
  attacks of a hysterical nature and had many
  nervous fits.
• Clairvoyance, spiritualism, occult
• Cured by Quimby (but symptoms soon returned)
• The works I have written on Christian Science
  contain absolute Truth.

117
Christian Science is neither Christian, nor is it
science.
Science? 1990s 18 documented cases of children
suffering preventable death because parents
refused to take them to a doctor. Convictions of
child endangerment and even manslaughter. Zero
scientific verification
Christian? Jesus was a mere man. He is an
embodiment of the Christ Principle. He is the
highest possible Inner consciousness. He did
not die on the cross. He did not resurrect from
the dead.
118
Theology of Christian Science Jesus is divine
mind. Jesus was a mere human, but an expression
of Christhood. Salvation is release from
ignorance. Sin, evil, sickness and even death are
illusions which are conquered by denying them.
Q Will denying cancer make it go away? The
trinity is Life, Truth and Love. No hell.
119
Scripture of Christian Science

• One must use Science and Health with Key to the
  Scripture to properly interpret the Bible.
• Interpreted the Bible esoterically. Cannot take
  the miracles, resurrection and so forth literally.

120
The cause of all so-called disease is mental, a
mortal fear, a mistaken belief of conviction of
the necessity and power of ill health. New York
Sun Dec 19, 1898, Eddy challenged the world to
disprove that she had healed a variety of
serious illnesses, including cancer Dr Charles A.
Reed (later president of AMA) offered to present
similar cases for her to heal, which she politely
declined. If she by her Christian Science, shall
cure any one of them, I shall proclaim her
omnipotence from the housetops and, if she shall
cure all or even half of them, I shall cheerfully
crawl upon my hands and knees that I may but
touch the hem of her walking dress.
121
Scientology

• Founder L. Ron Hubbard
• A science fiction writer who took his fiction
  seriously.
• Wrote Dianetics The Modern Science of Mental
  Health, 1950
• Established Church of Scientology, 1954.
• Tom Cruise, 2006 Psychology is pseudoscience.
• John Oakes, 2006 Scientology is
  pseudoscience.

122
Theology

• Men are Thetans (immortal spirits)
• God is All Theta, The eighth dynamic.
• Our problem is our engrams.
• Engrams are stored impressions in the reactive
  (vs analytic) mind of painful experiences carried
  over from past lives (and during gestation in our
  mother).
• The goal eliminate your engrams so that you can
  realize your true nature.
• Man is not the limited and pitiful body and ego
  he mistakenly imagines himself to be. He is a
  thetan whose fundamental nature is basically good
  and divine. He is not morally fallen rather he
  is simply ignorant of his own perfection. His
  only fall was into matter, not sin.

123
Scripture of Scientology All L. Ron Hubbards
books.
The Science of Scientology The solution to
engrams is Auditing Involves using an
electropsychometer to discover the engrams in the
pre-clear. The electropsychometer is a pair of
electrodes which detect changes in conductivity
when certain questions are asked by a trained
auditor. Auditor guides the pre-clear to
discharge the harmful energy from the
engram. All this costs a lot of money. This is
a religious scam plain and simple.
124
Response

• Scientology Jesus was a shade above clear.
• Jesus John 846 Can any of you prove me
  guilty of sin?

125
MORMONISM

• ANOTHER TESTAMENT OF JESUS CHRIST?

126
OUTLINE

• History
• The Book of Mormon
• Mormon Teachings
• Evangelism

127
Joseph Smith

• Diviner
• Treasure Hunter
• Religious Fraud

128
Early History
The Hill Cumorah

• 1823 A visit by the angel Moroni
• You will be given golden plates on the hill
  Cumorah
• 1827 Dug up golden plates. Written in Reformed
  Egyptian.
• Used the Urrim and the Thummim with his head in
  a hat to translate the Book of Mormon.
• Conveniently, God took the golden plates back to
  heaven.

129

• His translation complete, Joseph had one further
  use for the golden plates. To assure skeptics
  that the plates did, indeed exist, he showed them
  to several trusted witnesses, who signed
  statements affirming that they had beheld the
  plates. In preparation for viewing the plates,
  the chosen witnesses prayed for several hours.
  After lengthy praying, one witness reported that
  he saw only an empty box. Joseph sent him out
  for additional prayer, after which the golden
  plates were fully visible to the witness.
• Later, all these witnesses became apostate to
  Mormonism.

130
Understanding Mormonism

• This is my testimony..
• Emotion-based religion.
• Mormons are, arguably, the most Christian-like
  group around, and they know it.

131
WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS

• Palmyra, New York
• Kirtland, Ohio
• Independence, Missouri
• Nauvoo, Illinois
• Salt Lake Valley, Utah

132
JOSEPH SMITH AND SIDNEY RIGDON
133
General Joseph Smith
134
BRIGHAM YOUNG
135
The Mormon Scripture

• The Book of Mormon
• A grade B religious fantasy about the Jaredites
  and the Nephites.
• The Pearl of Great Price with the Doctrine and
  the Covenants.
• The Bible, so long as it is correctly
  translated.
• Mormon 818 Dont demand to see the plates or
  you will be killed.

136
(No Transcript)
137
Did Jesus come to the New World?
138

• Statements by the Smithsonian Institution and the
  National Geographic Society
• "The Smithsonian Institution has never used the
  Book of Mormon in any way as a scientific guide.
  Smithsonian archaeologists see no connection
  between the archaeology of the New World and the
  subject matter of the Book." Official
  Statement, 1979
• "Neither representatives of the National
  Geographic Society nor, to my knowledge,
  archaeologists connected with any other
  institution or equal prestige have ever used the
  Book of Mormon in locating historic ruins in
  Middle America or elsewhere." Dr. Neal Judd

139
MORMON TEACHINGS

• The Latter Day Saints
• Modern-day revelation
• We are all gods
• Polygamy
• Racism
• Baptism for the dead
• Scriptures to bear in mind Galatians 16-9, 2
  Thessalonians 25-12, 1 John 218-23.

140
The Latter Day Saints

• The original church completely fell away with the
  death of the original apostles. There was no
  legitimate church for about 1700 years.
• This is my testimony, Joseph Smith is a prophet
  and the Book of Mormon is the Word of God.

141
We are all gods.

• The Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit are
  three separate gods.
• Mormonism is polytheism.
• I will preach on the plurality of gods. I have
  always declared God to be a distinct personage,
  Jesus Christ a separate and distinct personage
  from God the Father, and the Holy Ghost was a
  distinct personage and a Spirit and these three
  constitute three distinct personages and three
  Gods. Teachings of Joseph Smith, p. 370.
• From Joseph Smiths most famous sermon God
  himself was once as we are now, and is an exalted
  man, and sits enthroned in yonder heavens!... I
  am going to tell you how God came to be God. We
  have imagined and supposed that God was God from
  eternity. I will refute that idea, and take away
  the veil so that you may see He was once a man
  like us yea that God himself, the Father of us
  all, dwelt on an earth, the same as Jesus Christ
  himself did.

142
Polygamy

• A new revelation against polygamy by the Utah
  church 1890
• Joseph Smith had at least 30 wives, some less
  than 15 yrs. old and took many other women as
  well.
• Celestial marriages.
• When our father Adam came into the garden of
  Eden, he came into it with a celestial body, and
  brought Eve, one of his wives, with him. He
  helped to make and organize this world. He is
  Michael, the Ancient of Days! About whom holy men
  have written and spokenHe is our Father and our
  God, and the only God with whom we have to do.
  Journal of Discourses vol 1, p 50.
• The grand reason why the Gentiles and
  philosophers of his school persecuted Jesus
  Christ, was because he had so many wives there
  were Elizabeth, and Mary, and a host of others
  who followed him.

143
Racism

• Mormons 515 Indians are dark filthy and
  loathsome.
• 1 Nephi 1113 dark people are sinful.
• 2 Nephi 521 Dark skin are loathsome. Those
  who marry dark skinned are cursed.
• Officially renounced by new revelation in 1978.

144
Other interesting doctrines

• Baptism for the dead
• Modern-day priesthood of Melchizedek
• Baptism in the name of Jesus preached to the
  Nephites several hundred years BC. A very
  confused idea of covenants.

145
The Salt Lake City Temple
146
REACHING OUT TO MORMONS

• This is my testimony.. Emotion vs reason.
• Do not attack Joseph Smith personally
• Friendship/family
• Study on Covenants Joe Fields

147
Study 1 The Word of God
What books are identified as the words of God?
2 Nephi 2913 words of the Jews (Old
Testament) words of the list tribes of Israel
(Lost book?) words of the Nephites (Book
of Mormon) What does they both shall be
established in one mean? 1 Nephi 1341 What are
the plain and precious things that were taken
from the Bible? (1 Nephi 1328) Please be
specific. Do the Bible and the Book of Mormon
have to be in harmony with each other? What are
the two sticks? in Ezekiel 3715-22? What
version of the Bible do you accept as the
inspired word of God? Does Gods word in the
Book of Mormon ever contradict Gods word in the
Bible? Would there ever be any reason to reject
the Bible as Gods word?
148
Study 2 Infinite and Eternal Atonement Alma
3414 / Hebrews 101
Atonement Shadow
Atonement Applied
 
Book of Mormon   Mosiah 1614 (148
BC) 2 Nephi 2524-27 (545 BC) Alma
3319-22 (74 BC) Mosiah 1231-1328
(148 BC) Alma 2515 (77
BC)
Book of Mormon   Mosiah 42,3 (124
BC) Jacob 411 (421 BC) Jarom
111 (399 BC) Jacob 7
(421 BC) Alma 714
(83 BC)
The New Testament   Galatians 38 (AD
49) John 314, 1232 (AD 85-90) 1 Peter 221-25
(AD 64) 1 Corinthians 57 (AD
54) Hebrews 9 (AD 60-69)  (Galatians
319,23, Colossians 214)
The Old Testament   Genesis 123
(1500 BC) Numbers 214-9 (1500 BC) Isaiah
534-7 (701 BC) Exodus 121
(1500 BC) Leviticus 4 (1500
BC)  (Hebrews 101, Galatians 324)
149
The Jehovahs Witness

• The Watchtower
• vs
• The Bible
• John Oakes, PhD

150
Charles Taze Russsel
151
Historical Background

• Influenced by Adventist movement
• William Miller, October, 1844
• Russel establishes The Watchtower, 1879
• Rejects the Trinity 1882
• Predicts the end of the world in October, 1914
• Dies 1916

152

• Judge Rutherford takes the reigns
• Predicts the resurrection of Abraham, Isaac and
  Jacob to occur in 1925
• Changes name to Jehovahs Witness, 1931
• Began predicting Armageddon to occur in 1975
• Oops..!

153
Fundamental Theology of JWs

• Jesus is not God
• The Holy Spirit is not Deity or a person, but a
  force of God.
• Gods only acceptable name is Jehovah.
• Only JWs will be in heaven.
• Hell is not a place of punishment.
• The Church became completely apostate until
  1870s

154
Jehovahs Witness Theology (cont.)

• Emphasis on OT law
• No blood transfusions
• Miscelaneous (attempts to mark JWs as unique)
• Birthdays, etc.
• No Military Service
• No Wearing Crosses
• No pledging

155
The Watchtower Society

• Gods faithful and discreet slave Matthew
  2445-47
• Gods sole channel of communication to His
  people.
• Avoid independent thinking or questioning the
  counsel that is provided by Gods invisible
  organization.
• We recognize not only Jehovah God as our
  father, but his organization (The Watchtower
  Society) as our mother and the wife of our
  Father, Jehovah God (The Watchtower, May 1,
  1957, p. 285)

156
The New World Translation of the Bible

• Done by JW members only
• Designed to protect members from corrupted
  non-Christian translations (like NIV and so
  forth)
• John 11 The word was a god.

157
The Deity of Christ

• Jesus is the first and highest of Jehovahs
  creation.
• Jesus is the archangel Michael.
• The Arian heresy (Arius, 3rd Century AD).
• Claim Jesus is never worshipped in the NT.

158
Proof-texts

• John 11 . The Word was a god
• John 316 (NWT) Jehovahs first creation was
  his only begotten Son.
• Coll 115-17 The first-born of (vs over) all
  creation.
• Jn 1428 The Father is greater than I
• Jn 2017 My God
• 1 Cor 1528 the head of Christ is God

159
Response

• Compare Coll 116 to Hebrews 210
• Hebrews 12
• John 858 (Exodus 314)
• John 1030 (see vs. 33)
• Coll 29
• John 2028
• Titus 213
• Phil 5,6
• Zech 1210
• Isaiah 96,7

160
The Holy Spirit is not Deity

• The Holy Spirit is not a person, but is a
  powerful force that God causes to