Empire and Expansion

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Chapter 27

• Empire and Expansion
• 1890-1909

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The Imperial MenuA pleased Uncle Sam gets ready
to place his order with headwaiter William
McKinley. Swallowing some of these possessions
eventually produced political indigestion.
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Imperialism

• America wanted to expand
• Spurred by yellow journalism and missionaries
• Social Darwinism
• The Influence of Sea Power Upon History by Alfred
  Thayer Mahan 1890
• James G. Blaine and the Big Sister Policy- Pan
  American Conference 1889

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Great Britain vs. Venezuela

• Boundary issue between British Guiana and
  Venezuela- gold discovered there
• US letter sent by Secretary of State Richard
  Olney to GB (Monroe Doctrine)
• GB mind your own business
• On the brink of war, but issue calmed down (anger
  redirected at Germany)
• GB arbitration, Monroe Doctrine enhanced
• Great Rapprochement

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They Cant FightBritain and America waged a war
of words during the Venezuelan boundary dispute,
but cooler heads prevailed. A new era of
diplomatic cooperation between the two former
foes dawned, as they saw themselves bound
together by ties of language, culture, and mutual
economic interest. As the German chancellor Otto
von Bismarck reportedly remarked, The supreme
geopolitical fact of the modern era is that the
Americans speak English.
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Hawaii

• Hawaii long been desired by US
• 1887 naval base at Pearl Harbor
• Problems arose with McKinley Tariff 1890? bad for
  US sugar companies
• Annexation! Blocked by Queen Liliuokalani and
  Grover Cleveland
• Would remain a republic for 5 years before
  annexation in 1898

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Queen Liliuokalani (1838 1917)
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Cuba

• 1895 Cuban revolt against Spain
• Insurrectos used scorched earth
• US business! 50 million 100 million/year in
  trade
• Spanish General Weyler (Butcher)
• Cleveland anti-imperialist, anti-jingoist

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The Maine

• Yellow journalism- Hearst and Pulitzer
• 1898 the Maine sent to Havana harbor
• February 15, 1898 Maine exploded in Havana
  harbor
• 2 investigations Spanish and American
  conclusions
• Remember the Maine!

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The Explosion of the Maine, February 15,
1898Encouraged and amplified by the yellow
press, the outcry over the tragedy of the Maine
helped drive the country into an impulsive war
against Spain.
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The Explosion of the Maine, February 15, 1898
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War with Spain

• 2 demands met by Spain- Americans still called
  for war
• Jingoes Wobbly Willie
• McKinley reluctant towards war- couldnt deny
  public opinion
• April 11, 1898 war message sent to Congress- war
  declared
• Teller Amendment

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War with Spain

• Civil War veterans commanding army in tropics
• 28,000 soldiers and 2,100 officers vs. 200,000
  Spanish
• Only real friend GB
• US had a strong steel navy (Navy Secretary John
  D. Long and assistant Secretary TR)
• Commodore George Dewey? Philippines

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Deweys Route in the Philippines, 1898
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Philippines

• Dewey waited in Manila Bay harbor for US
  soldiers- possible problems with Germans
• Emilio Aguinaldo
• Annexation of Hawaii- July 7, 1898? territorial
  status 1900

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Emilio Aguinaldo (ca. 18691964) and Followers,
1900Aguinaldo had a colorfully checkered career.
Exiled from the Philippines by the Spanish in
1897, he was brought back in 1898 to assist the
American invasion. A year later he led the
Filipino insurrection against the new American
rulers. Captured in 1901, he declared his loyalty
to the United States. During World War II, he
collaborated with the Japanese when they occupied
the Philippines
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Cuba

• Spanish navy Admiral Cervera at Santiago
• US strategy? led by General William R. Shafter
• Rough Riders- TR
• 17,000 man army on transports from Tampa mid June
• Shafter landed at Guantanamo Bay? pushed toward
  Santiago
• July 1st Battle of El Caney and San Juan Hill

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Colonel Theodore Roosevelt with Some of the
Rough RidersRoosevelt later described his
first encounter with the Spanish enemy Soon we
came to the brink of a deep valley. There was a
good deal of cracking of rifles way off in front
of us, but as they used smokeless powder we had
no idea as to exactly where they were, or who
they were shooting at. Then it dawned on us that
we were the target. The bullets began to come
overhead, making a sound like the ripping of a
silk dress, with sometimes a kind of pop. . . .
We advanced, firing at them, and drove them off.
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Puerto Rico

• Surrender of Santiago after entire Spanish fleet
  destroyed
• May 12th navy attacked at Puerto Rico followed
  by General Nelson A. Miles June 25th
• Help from Puerto Ricans
• Major killers- malaria, typhoid, dysentery,
  yellow fever evacuation of 80

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End of the War

• Armistice called for August 12, 1898
• Treaty of Paris (again!) Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico
• Technicality over Philippines? Americans unsure
  if they wanted it too
• Missionaries and business pay Spain 20 million

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The New Jingoism
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Questions of Imperialism

• Philippines un-assimilatable
• Anti Imperialist League formed
• Expansionists Philippines is an opportunity?
  White Mans Burden
• Treaty of Paris helped passed by William Jennings
  Bryan! (anti- imperialism)

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Questions of Imperialism

• Puerto Rico- Foraker Act 1900
• Insular Cases- does the Constitution follow the
  flag?
• US military government in Cuba under General
  Leonard Wood? eradicate yellow fever
• Abided by Teller amendment with 2 insistences?
  Platt Amendment and Guantanamo Bay

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Questions of Imperialism

• Spanish-American War 113 days, low casualties,
  big payout
• splendid little war
• Naval power proven (Mahan)
• Growth of jingoism, healing of North-South divide

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Philippine-American War

• Philippines angry over lack of independence
• Warfare and guerrilla warfare led by Emilio
  Aguinaldo
• Reconcentration camps and torture
• US opposition from Anti-Imperialists
• Philippine Commission

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Open Door Policy

• Economic imperialism in China following
  Sino-Japanese War
• Secretary of State John Hays Open Door note
  (policy)
• Boxer Rebellion 1900? international coalition to
  put down
• Indemnity to be paid by China
• Extension of Open Door to include territorial
  integrity

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1900 Election

• Republicans William McKinley and Theodore
  Roosevelt (VP)
• Platform gold standard, full dinner pail,
  successful war, expansion
• Democrats William Jennings Bryan (silver and
  anti-imperialism)
• TR sapped many midwestern votes
• Bryanism could hurt prosperity McKinley
  victory 292 vs. 155 EV

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Theodore Roosevelt
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TR and Big Stick Diplomacy

• September 6, 1901 McKinley assassinated by Leon
  Czolgosz
• TR that damned cowboy? big personality and
  popular with regular people
• Big Stick Diplomacy- Walk softly and carry a big
  stick

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Panama Canal

• Spanish-American War renewed interest in canal
• The Oregon
• Hay Pauncefote Treaty 1901 (undid Clayton-Bulwer
  Treaty)
• US bought rights to canal from French (Philippe
  Bunau-Varilla)
• Colombia stood in way
• 1904 election approaching!

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Panama Canal

• Panama Revolution November 3, 1903? Colombia
  blocked by US navy
• US recognized new Panamanian government 3 days
  later
• Hays- Bunau-Varilla Treaty (same price, 10 mile
  area)
• US- Latin American relations ? (Big Brother)
• TR mandate from civilization

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Panama Canal

• Canal building started 1904 (labor, landslides,
  sanitation issues)
• Colonel George Washington Goethals (head of
  engineering)
• Colonel William Gorgas (head of sanitation?
  yellow fever, malaria)
• Finished 1914 (WWI soon)

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Roosevelt Corollary

• Debt ridden Latin America nervous TR
• Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine)
• Regional police force (economic) and soon turned
  to military to intervene
• Bad Neighbor Policy

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Russia vs. Japan

• 1904 Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur and
  Korea
• Railroad in Manchuria threatened Japanese sphere
  of influence war
• Japan westernized, Russia ? under czar
• TR as mediator with Portsmouth Treaty 1905 Nobel
  Peace Prize!

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US vs. Japan

• Racism and lack of citizenship for Japanese
  immigrants
• the yellow peril, segregated San Francisco
  schools Japan angry
• Gentlemens Agreement
• The Great White Fleet 1907 43,000 miles to show
  off US navy
• Root-Takahira Agreement 1908

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United States Expansion, 18571917
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