Introduction to

1

• Introduction to
• Embedded Systems
• Manuel Lois Anido
• Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
• Undergraduate Course in Computer Science
• NCE/IM

2
Introduction to Embedded Systems

• Course Objectives
• Study the Methods to Design and Implement
  Embedded Systems. It is an Interdisciplinary
  Course which Involves Software and Hardware
  Knowledge (mostly software).
• Important Issues
• Arithmetic, Basic Hardware
• Microcontrollers
• Interrupts, Concurrency
• Timing
• Limited Resources
• Finite State Machines
• Connecting I/O Devices
• Evaluation
• Theorethical Assignments
• Practical Assignments

3
Course Outline

• Introduction to Embedded Systems
• Basic Electricity, Electronics Concepts and
  Devices
• Integer and Fixed-Point Arithmetic
• Overview of Popular Microcontrollers and DSPs
  with Associated Assembly Language
• Using C and IDEs for System Development
• Interrupts, DMA, Polling, Timers
• Finite State Machines
• Basic Microcontroller Interface Circuits
  Parallel, Serial, Bar codes, Magnetic cards,
  smart cards, keyboards, LCDs, USB, SCSI, etc
• Real-Time Systems Concepts and RTOS
• Java/Jini for Embedded Devices

4
Embedded Systems Books

• Course is centered on Slides and Papers
• Text Books
• Embedded C Michael J. Pont, Addison Wesley
  Publ. (C programming for 8051 line)
• Microcontrolador 8051 Detalhado Denys E.
  Nicolosi Editora Érica
• Microcontrolador PIC PIC Programação em C
  Fabio Ferreira Ed. Érica,
• Desbravando o PIC David José de Souza Ed.
  Érica.
• Embedded System Design A unified
  Hardware/Software Introduction (Frank Vahid)
  www.cs.ucr.edu/content/esd/ (on line)
• Useful Link on C programming for 8051 -
  http//www.spjsystems.com/c31exmpl.htm
• Other Useful Books
• Basic Electronics Any Basic Book that Describes
  Electronic Components
• Computer Arithmetic Computer Arithmetic
  Algorithms and Hardware Designs Behrooz Parhami
  Oxford Press ISBN 0-19-512583-5

5
Embedded Systems Tools

• Check Your CD-ROM
• Tools for the 8051 line of Microcontrollers
• Keil System IDE www.keil.com (BEST ONE for 8051
  family)
• EZ Downloader To donwnload object code through
  serial port to program 8051 chips
• PROTEUS and ISIS CAD (or EDA) system with
  schematic capture and simulation
• Tools for the PIC line of Microcontrollers
• CCS C compiler for PIC Microcontroller
• MPLAB IDE from Microchip for PIC
  Microcontroller Editor, File Manager, etc
• PROTEUS and ISIS EDA system with schematic
  capture and simulation
• IC-Prog To download object code through
  parallel or serial ports to program PIC chips

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Embedded Systems - URLs

• Development kits in Brazil http//kit.microcontro
  lador.com

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Course Evaluation

• 2 simple homeworks (individual) ( Hw)
• 1 Exam (Ex1)
• 1 very simple project (group of two) (P1)
• 1 project (group of two) (P2)
• 1 final exam (individual) (Fe)
• 1 exam that can substitute Ex1 or Fe
• Evaluation
• Average (0.6Ex1 Ex1 1.4(Hw1 Hw2 P1
  P2)/4/10)/2
• If Average gt 7 Pass else Go To Final Exam
• If (Fe Average)/2 gt 5 PASS Else Fail

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Introduction

• Embedded System is a small computer system that
  is generally hidden inside equipment (machine,
  electrical appliance) to increase the
  intelligence of the equipment for better or more
  efficient functionality.
• This kind of system always involves both the
  software and hardware co-development. Embedded
  systems are often easier understood in term of
  Smart Devices, Intelligent, or Automated
  Equipment.

9
Market for Embedded Microprocessors
About four (!) percent of the worlds
microprocessors are used in computers.
Source Embedded Systems Programming, May 1999
embedded microprocessors
Only 4 of the total number
8-bit
1 billion
Motorola, ARM, MIPS, i960, x86,
1 billion
8-bit
16-bit
1 billion
125 million PCs
32-bit
250 million
Intel, AMD
Average car has about 15 microprocessors.
Mercedes S-class 63 microprocessors !!
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A short list of embedded systems
Anti-lock brakes Auto-focus cameras Automatic
teller machines Automatic toll systems Automatic
transmission Avionic systems Battery
chargers Camcorders Cell phones Cell-phone base
stations Cordless phones Cruise control Curbside
check-in systems Digital cameras Disk
drives Electronic card readers Electronic
instruments Electronic toys/games Factory
control Fax machines Fingerprint identifiers Home
security systems Life-support systems Medical
testing systems
Modems MPEG decoders Network cards Network
switches/routers On-board navigation Pagers Photoc
opiers Point-of-sale systems Portable video
games Printers Satellite phones Scanners Smart
ovens/dishwashers Speech recognizers Stereo
systems Teleconferencing systems Televisions Tempe
rature controllers Theft tracking systems TV
set-top boxes VCRs, DVD players Video game
consoles Video phones Washers and dryers

• And the list goes on and on . . .

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Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC)
Word length 16 bits (15 bits data parity
bit) First computer using integrated circuits
(ICs) Magnetic core memory Fixed memory (ROM)
36,864 words Erasable memory (RAM) 2,048
words Number of instructions 34 Cycle time
11.7 msec Clock frequency 85 kHz (!) Number
of logic gates 5,600 (2,800 packages) Weight 30
kg Power consumption 70 W
12
Technology Areas of Embedded Systems
Embedded Real-Time Program
Embedded RTOS
Network Protocol
Control Systems
VHDL Verilog
C, Java Languages
Machine Intelligence
DSP
Digital Analog Circuit
Human Computer Interaction
Fixed Point Arithmetic
Real World Interfacing