TERRORISM

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TERRORISM

• Criminology 2009

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Definition of Terrorism

• Premeditated, politically motivated violence
  perpetuated against noncombatant targets by
  subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually
  intended to influence an audience (Siegel, 261)

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Contemporary Forms of TERRORISM

• REVOLUTIONARY Terrorism
• Use violence to frighten those in power their
  supporters in order to REPLACE the existing
  government.
• POLITICAL Terrorism
• Directed at people or groups who oppose the
  terrorists political or religious ideology or
  whom the terrorists define as outsiders.
  Political terrorists do not want to REPLACE
  government but SHAPE it to fit their views.

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Contemporary Forms of TERRORISM

• NATIONALIST Terrorism
• Promotes the interest of a minority ethnic or
  religious group that believes it has been
  persecuted under majority rule and wishes to
  carve out its own independent homeland.
• CAUSE-BASED Terrorism
• Terrorism that espouses a particular social or
  religious cause and uses violence to attract
  followers to their standard. They do not want to
  set up their own homeland or government, rather,
  they want to impose their social and religious
  code on the world.

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Contemporary Forms of TERRORISM

• ENVIRONMENTAL Terrorism
• Terrorism in responses to actions by governments
  or businesses that are seen as environmentally
  threatening
• STATE SPONSORED Terrorism
• When a repressive government regime forces its
  citizens into obedience, oppresses minorities,
  and stifles political dissent (think Death
  Squads)
• CRIMINAL Terrorism
• When terrorists become involved in COMMON LAW
  crimes (drug dealing, kidnapping, pirating, etc.)

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Type of Terrorism?

• DARFUR
• The War in Darfur is a conflict that is in the
  Darfur region of western Sudan. Unlike the Second
  Sudanese Civil War, the current lines of conflict
  are seen by some to be ethnic, rather than
  religious. However, a United Nations report
  states that the various tribes under attack by
  the Sudanese troops and Janjaweed (chiefly the
  Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa tribes) do not appear to
  have a distinct ethnicity from their attackers.
  There is controversy over whether or not the
  conflict involves a genocide.

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Type of Terrorism?

• Earth Liberation Front burning of SUVs.

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Type of Terrorism?

• Mumbai, India
• The 2008 Mumbai attacks were more than ten
  coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across
  Mumbai, India's financial capital and its largest
  city.
• Ajmal Amir Kasab, the only attacker who was
  captured alive, disclosed that the attackers were
  members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Pakistan-based
  militant organization, considered a terrorist
  organization by India, the United States, and the
  United Kingdom, among others. The Indian
  Government said that the attackers came from
  Pakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan.

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Type of Terrorism?
U.S.-Mexican DRUG WAR
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Type of Terrorism?

• LONDON Bombings
• July 7, 2005
• London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings)
  were a series of coordinated suicide bomb attacks
  on London's public transport system during the
  morning rush hour. Carried out by British
  Muslims, the suicide bombings were motivated by
  Islamic extremism, and ostensibly Britain's
  involvement in the Iraq War and other conflicts.

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Type of Terrorism?

• OK City Bombings
• The Oklahoma City bombing occurred on April?19,
  1995 which resulted in the destruction of the
  Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, a government
  office complex in downtown Oklahoma City,
  Oklahoma. The attack claimed 168?lives and left
  over 800?people injured. It was the largest
  terrorist attack on American soil in history
  before the September 11 attacks. It remains the
  deadliest act of domestic terrorism in American
  history.
• Within days, McVeigh and Terry Nichols were both
  arrested for their roles in the bombing.
  Investigators determined that they were
  sympathizers of a militia movement and that their
  motive was to retaliate against the government's
  handling of the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents
  (the bombing occurred on the anniversary of the
  Waco incident).

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Type of Terrorism?
September 11, 2001
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Responses to Terrorism

• The U.S.A. PATRIOT ACT (USAPA)
• Law that gives enforcement agencies a freer hand
  to investigate and apprehend suspected
  terrorists.
• 1.Records searches. It expands the government's
  ability to look at records on an individual's
  activity being held by a third parties.
• 2.Secret searches. It expands the government's
  ability to search private property without notice
  to the owner.
• 3.Intelligence searches. It expands a narrow
  exception to the Fourth Amendment that had been
  created for the collection of foreign
  intelligence information
• 4."Trap and trace" searches. It expands another
  Fourth Amendment exception for spying that
  collects "addressing" information about the
  origin and destination of communications, as
  opposed to the content.