Motivation

1
Motivation

• A force within an individual which causes them
  to do something to fulfill a biological need or
  psychological desire
• Secondary (soc/psych) vs. Primary needs (live)
• Short term vs. Long term Motives
• Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic

2
Motivating Factors

• Push Factors
• Those things internal to the tourist which make
  them desire travel
• Attitudes, values, perception, learning,
  personality, norms
• Pull Factors
• Those things external to the tourist which are
  contrived to make a destination more appealing

3
Maslows Heirarchy of Needs

• Physiological
• food, water, air, shelter, reproduction
• Safety
• Stability, security, structure
• Love
• Affiliation, affection, sense of belonging
• Esteem
• Success, self-worth, achievement
• Self-Actualization
• Self-fulfillment, personal growth

4
Optimal Arousal Theory

• Tourism is guided primarily by intrinsic motives
  and the need to escape stress, excessive
  stimulation, and the mundane
• Through travel, the tourist seeks the stimulation
  or the peace and tranquility they may not have at
  home or work

5
Barriers to Travel (constraints)

• Cost
• Time
• Health
• Family Stage
• Lack of Interest
• Fear and Security

6
Personality Measurement

• Personality is the manner by which a persons
  thoughts and actions interact with and modify
  conditions in their life.
• - most is hidden from others!
• Psychographics
• Personality, attitudes and values (w/
  demographics)
• Lifestyle Measures
• How your life unfolds (interests, activities,
  opinions)
• Values
• Form the criteria which guides behavior

7
Personality Traits

• Traits which help to describe a personality
• degrees to which one is
• Aggressive
• Outgoing
• Dominant
• Needy

8
Psychographic Dimensions

• High-energy Allocentrics
• Frequent travelers, use air, exotic, unique
• Low-energy Allocentrics
• By air, less frequent, more in fantasy
• High-energy Psychocentrics
• Active, by car or RV
• Low-energy Psychocentrics
• Stay home, near familiar surroundings

9
Distribution of Dimensions
Allocentric
Psychocentric
Mid-centric
Near Allocentric
Near Psychocentric
10
American Values

• Self Respect (21)
• Security (21)
• Warm Relationships (16)
• Accomplishment (11)
• Self-Fulfillment (10)
• Being Well-respected (9)
• Belonging (8)
• Fun,Excitement and Enjoyment (4)

11
VALS System (SRI)

• Need Driven
• Survivors
• Poor Fearful
• Sustainers
• Little wealth
• Outer Directed
• Belongers
• Part of System
• Emulators
• Young/Ambitious
• Achievers
• Leader-type

• Inner Directed
• I-Am-Me
• Rebellious, single
• Experiential
• Seek Gratification
• Societally Conscious
• Society and World
• Integrated
• Have merged Outer Inner-Directed lifestyles
• Tolerant, confident

12
Learning Methods

• Conditioning
• Stimulas-Response (reinforcement)
• Modeling
• By observing or watching
• Latent Learning
• By doing
• Generalization (apply to other areas)
• Discrimination (knowing when not to apply)