Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices

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Hardware Input, Processing, and Output Devices

• Chapter 3

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Learning Objectives

• Describe how to select and organize computer
  system components to support information system
  objectives.
• Describe the popular classes of computer systems
  and the role of each

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Learning Objectives

• Describe the power, speed, and capacity of
  processing and main memory devices.
• Describe access methods, capacity and portability
  of secondary storage devices.
• Describe the speed and functionality of input
  output devices
• Describe multimedia computer and its common
  applications.

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Hardware Components

• Central processing unit (CPU)
• Primary storage (main memory memory)
• Secondary storage
• Input devices
• Output devices

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Hardware Components

• Fig 3.1

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Hardware Components in Action

• Machine cycle
• Instruction phase
• Execution phase
• Pipelining

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Machine cycle simulation
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Processing Memory Devices
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Machine Cycle Time Measures

• Microseconds (1 millionth)
• Nanoseconds (1 billionth)
• Picoseconds (1 trillionth)
• MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per
  Second)

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Processing Characteristics

• Clock speed electronic pulses affecting machine
  cycle time
• Hertz one cycle (pulse) per second
• Megahertz (MHz) millions of cycles per second
• Microcode internal, predefined elementary
  operations in a CPU

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Clock Speed Microcode

• Fig 3.3

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Wordlength

• Bits (Binary Digits) smallest form of data in a
  computer
• Word number of bits that can be processed as a
  unit
• Bus lines electrical paths of data flow

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Physical Characteristics of the CPU

• Digital circuits on chips
• Electrical current flows through silicon
• Moores Law states that transistor density of
  chips will double every 18 months

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Advances in Processor Technology

• Superconductive metals
• Galium Arsenide
• Optical processors

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Microcode Instruction Sets

• Complex instruction set computing CPU contains
  many microcode instructions
• Reduced instruction set computing (RISC)
  Minimal set of microcode instructions
• Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) Each microcode
  instruction is longer and does more.

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Memory Characteristics and Functions
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Storage Capacity

• Byte (B) 8 bits
• Kilobyte (KB) 1,024 bytes
• Megabyte (MB) 1,024 x 1,024 bytes (about 1
  million)
• Gigabyte (GB) 1024 x 1,024 x 1,024 bytes (about
  1 billion)
• Terabyte (TB) 1024 x 1024 x 1,024 x 1,024 bytes
  (about 1 trillion)

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Types of Memory

• Fig 3.5

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Types of RAM

• EDO (Extended Data Out)
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

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Types of ROM

• ROM (read-only memory)
• PROM (programmable read-only memory)
• EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory)

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Cache

• Fig 3.6

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Multiprocessing

• Coprocessors perform specialized tasks, relieving
  the CPU of work
• Parallel processing uses multiple processors to
  execute instructions in concert.

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Secondary Storage
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Fig 3.8
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Access methods

• Sequential access records must be retrieved in
  order
• Direct access records can be retrieved in any
  order
• Direct access storage devices (DASDs)

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Devices and Media Magnetic Media

• Magnetic tapes
• Magnetic disks
• RAID
• Storage Area networks (SAN)

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Devices and Media Optical Media

• Optical disks
• CD-ROM
• CD-W (aka WORM)
• CD-RW
• Magneto-optical (MO) disks
• Digital video disks (DVDs)

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Fig 3.11
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Additional Devices and Media

• Memory cards
• Flash memory
• Expandable storage devices

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Table 3.1
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Input and Output devices
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Data

• Data can be human or machine readable
• Data entry converts human readable data into
  machine-readable form
• Data input transfers machine-readable data into
  the system
• Source data automation

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Input Devices

• Personal computer input devices
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Voice-recognition devices
• Digital cameras
• Terminals

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Input Devices

• Scanning devices
• Optical data readers
• Bar code scanners
• MICR devices
• POS (point-of-sale) devices

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Input Devices

• Pen input devices
• Light pens
• Touch screens

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Output Devices Monitors

• Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs)
• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
• Active matrix
• Passive matrix

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Output Devices

• Printers
• Plotters
• Computer Output Microform (COM)
• Music Devices

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Types of Computer Systems

• Table 3.2

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Table 3.3
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Multimedia Computers

• Fig 3.16

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Standards

• Table 3.4

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Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems

• Computer system architecture the configuration
  of a computer systems hardware components