Chapter 2 Hardware Designed to Meet the Need

1
Chapter 2Hardware Designed to Meet the Need

• The Digital Revolution
• Integrated Circuits and Processing
• Storage
• Input, Output, and Expansion
• Selecting and Purchasing a Computer

2
2.1 The Digital Revolution

• What does it mean to be digital?

3
The Digital Revolution
DIGITAL RADIO
DIGITAL
Digital PCS Cell Phone
DIGITAL
DIGITAL TV
DIGITAL
DIGITAL
Digital Camera
DIGITAL
Whats all this fuss about digital?!
Digital Video (DVD)
DIGITAL THEATERS
DIGITAL
The Digital Divide
DIGITAL
Digital Convergence
4
The Digital Revolution
Whats all the fuss about digital?!
5
The Bit (binary digit)
Recall from chapter 1.

• Bits are the 1s and 0s that allow us to
  represent, store, and manipulate data
• They are the smallest unit of data in a digital
  electronics device

6
The Bit

• Bits arent really 1s and 0s, they are devices
  that can be set to one of two states.
• A bit can be a capacitor that is electronic
  charged or not charged.
• A bit can be an area of metal particles on the
  surface of a disk that are either magnetically
  charged or not.
• A bit can be a microscopic spot on a highly
  reflective disk surface that either has a pit
  burned into it or not.

7
The Bit

• How can a bit (an on-off switch) represent useful
  data and information?
• Information can be assigned to the two states of
  the bit
• On
• Off

1 and 0 are typically used to describe the state
of a bit, but you could use anything
black/white, true/false, male/female, etc.
8
The Bit

• How many units of information could be
  represented with 2 bits?

00 01 10 11
9
The Bit

• How many units of information could be stored
  using 3 bits?

000 001 010 011
100 101 110 111
10
The Bit

• Increasing the amount bit allows us to digitally
  describe things in more detail.

11
The Bit
of Bits Units of Info
1 2
2 4
3 8
4 16
5 32
6 64
7 128
8 256
General Rule 2bits units of info
12
Bit Bytes
Some of the ASCII characters Some of the ASCII characters Some of the ASCII characters
ASCII Code Char Character Name
01011011 Left Bracket
01011100 \ Backward Slash
01011101 Right Bracket
01011110 Caret
01011111 _ Underscore
01100000 Back Quote
01100001 a Lower-case A
01100010 b Lower-case B
01100011 c Lower-case C
01100100 d Lower-case D
01100101 e Lower-case E
01100110 f Lower-case F
01100111 g Lower-case G
01101000 h Lower-case H

• Bytes can represent any collection of items using
  a look-up table approach
• ASCII is used to represent characters

ASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information
Interchange http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
13
Bit Bytes

• Bytes can also represent values using the
  binary number system.
• The binary number system uses only two values, 0
  and 1, and is used by computers and digital
  devices to represent and process data.

Decimal Binary
239 11101111
14
Bit Bytes
2
1
4
8
16
32
64
128
2
1
4
64
128
8
16
32
Binary is not only used for math but also to
digitize pictures, and music. In fact, most
things that we perceive with our senses can be
described and stored digitally as values (binary
numbers) and manipulated with numeric
calculations. More on this in chapter 6.
15
The Value of Going Digital

• Anything that can be expressed through words,
  numbers, sounds, pictures, and even scents can be
  digitized.
• Digital information is easy to manipulate.
• Digital information is easy to copy and transfer.
• Digital information is long lasting.
• Digitization standardizes the format of all
  different types of data and information leading
  to

16
Digital Convergence

• Digital convergence is the trend to merge
  multiple digital services into one device.

17
Why Study Computer Hardware Components?

• Consider PC Choices

18
Lets go shopping!

• CompUSA
• Sony
• Apple

In order to shop intelligently, you must
understand the basics about processors, storage,
input/output and peripherals.
19
Key Components
Processor
Memory
RemovableStorageCD-R/DVD
Storage
Networking
Battery Life
OS
Display
20
2.2 Integrated Circuits and Processing
21
Transistor

• A transistor is an electronics component,
  composed typically of silicon, that opens or
  closes a circuit to alter the flow of electricity
  to store and manipulate bits.

22
Integrated Circuit

• An Integrated Circuit (chip) combines transistors
  and capacitors in a tiny module to store and
  process bits and bytes in todays digital
  electronic devices.

http//www.intel.com/technology/silicon/index.htm
23
The Central Processing Unit
Intels Core Duo Processors use 65 nm technology
to cram hundreds of millions of transistors on a
chip the size of you thumb nail.

• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an
  integrated circuit (or microprocessor) that
  performs the processing in todays personal
  computers and other digital devices.

24
Pentium 4
Die photo of the Intel Pentium 4 Processor
built on 90nm technology
25
CPU Components

• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) contains the
  circuitry to carry out the instructions in the
  processors instruction set.
• Control Unit sequentially accesses program
  instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the
  flow of data throughout the system.
• Registers hold the data and instructions
  currently being processed (300 bytes).
• System Clock provides a steady clock signal used
  to synchronize activities within the processor.
  Measured in GHz (billions of cycles per second)
• Cache Memory Fast access memory for instructions
  and data soon to be needed (1-2MB).

26
The Motherboard

• The motherboard is the primary circuit boards of
  a computing device that houses the digital
  devices circuitry including the microprocessor
  and memory.

27
Processing

• The microprocessor accesses instructions stored
  in memory over the system bus.

Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary, or
volatile, memory that stores bytes of data and
program instructions for the processor to access.
28
Processing The Machine Cycle
Central Processing Unit
Control Unit
ALU
2.Decode
3.Execute
The Machine Cycle The four stages of the machine
cycle are (1) fetch the instruction from memory,
(2) decode and (3) execute the instruction, then
(4) store the results.
Registers
1.Fetch
4.Store
Memory
29
Contributors to CPU Speed

• www.intel.com/products/processor_number/chart
  click View the Demo
• Clock Speed measured in Megahertz (MHz) and
  Gigahertz (GHz), millions and billions of cycles
  per second
• Wordlength how many bits can be processed at a
  time (32 or 64)
• Cache size 512 KB 2 MB
• High-speed memory that a processor can access
  more rapidly than RAM
• Front Side Bus Speed (FSB) 345-840 MHz
• Architecture
• See next slide gtgt

30
Multi-core processors

• A multi-core microprocessor is one which combines
  two or more independent processors into a single
  package, often a single integrated circuit.
• Dual core
• Soon to come - Quad core

31
Which processor is best?

• Truest Measures of Performance
• MIPS millions of instructions per second
• Gigaflops billions of floating point operations
  per second.
• Note that different instructions take differing
  amounts of clock cycles.

32
Multiple processors

• Multiprocessing is processing that occurs using
  more than one processing unit.
• Coprocessors are special-purpose processors that
  speed processing by executing specific types of
  instructions while the CPU works on another
  processing activity.
• Parallel processing speeds processing by linking
  several CPUs to operate at the same time, in
  parallel.
• Massively parallel processing used in
  supercomputers, hundreds/thousands of processors

33
PC Processor Options

• www.intel.com
• AMD, an alternative to Intel http//www.amd.com/us
  -en/

34
2.3 Storage
From CH1 Storage is the ability to maintain data
within the system temporarily or permanently
35
System Storage

• Random Access Memory, RAM, or primary storage
• Volatile memory that stores currently running
  software OS and apps, and data in addressed
  cells.
• 512 MB Standard, 2 GB recommended
• RAM SIMM Single In-line Memory Module is
  inserted in slots in the Motherboard

36
Other Types of Memory

• Cache Memory is fast access storage on the
  processor
• Video RAM is included on video card for faster
  video display
• ROM stores the boot process instruction that
  start the computer and load the OS from hard
  drive into RAM
• CMOS memory provides semipermenant storage for
  system configuration information that may change.

37
Secondary Storage

• Storage Methods
• Sequential Access (tape)
• Direct Access (disk or solid state)

• Storage Media Type
• Magnetic storage devices use the magnetic
  properties of iron oxide particles to store bits
  and bytes more permanently than RAM.
• Optical storage media, such as CDs and DVDs store
  bits using an optical laser to burn pits into the
  surface of a highly reflective disk surface.
• Solid State storage devices use flash memory to
  store bits.

Tape Drive
23
38
Magnetic Media

• Hard Disk Drives
• Magnetic Tape
• High-capacity Disks (Zip, etc)
• Floppy Disks (outdated)
• Microdrives

39
Secondary Storage

• Secondary storage is used to store data more
  permanently without the need for electricity.

Tape Drive
23
40
Optical Media

• CD, DVD, Blu-laser Disk (BD)

41
Solid State

• A flash memory card is a chip that, unlike RAM,
  is nonvolatile and keeps its memory without the
  need for electricity.
• USB Flash Drives use flash memory to provide high
  capacity storage through the USB port.

Universal Serial Bus or USB is a standard that
allows a wide variety of devices to connect to a
computer through a common port.
42
Internet Storage

• Users are increasingly storing data on Web
  servers, rather than on PCs through services
  provided by companies like Yahoo, MSN, Google and
  others.
• Google offers Web-based Email, Calendar, Photo,
  Spreadsheet, and Word Processing services that
  provide the software and substantial online
  storage for free.

43
network
Storage Review
44
2.4 Input, Output, and Expansion
45
I/O Concepts

• An input device assists in capturing and entering
  raw data into the computer system.
• An output device allows you to observe the
  results of computer processing with one or more
  of your senses.

46
I/O Concepts

• Speed and Functionality
• Human vs. Machine Readable Data
• Source Data Automation

47
Input Devices

• Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball
• Touch screen, stylus, kiosks
• Microphone, speech recognition
• Gamepad, other game-centered devices
• Digital cameras
• Scanning devices

http//www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/tabletpc/defaul
t.mspx
48
Output Devices
Display resolution is a measure, in width by
height, of the number of pixels on the screen.

• Displays
• Liquid crystal display (LCD) or Flat panel
  display is a thin flat display that uses liquid
  crystals between two pieces of glass to display
  text and images.
• Printers and Plotters
• Sound Systems
• Special purpose I/O

49
http//www.universaldisplay.com/foled.htm
IBMs Flexible Display (in development)
50
http//www.hhi.fraunhofer.de/english/im/products/f
ree2c/
The Free2C 3D Kiosk
51
Quiz

• The _______ number system is ideal for digital
  systems because it only had two digits, 0 and 1.
• T or F All software interprets a byte such as
  11110000 the same way.
• In the CPU, the ________ performs the
  mathematical calculations.
• In the CPU, the ________ sequentially accesses
  program instructions.
• When a computer is first powered on, the
  processor is fed instructions from
• a. Register storage b. RAM c. ROM

52
Chapter 2 Questions?