Landforms, Water, and Natural Resources

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Chapter 4

• Landforms, Water, and Natural Resources

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• Section 1Landforms
• Landformany physical feature of the earth.
  Hills, valleys, mountains, plateaus, plains.
• Characteristics
• 1. elevationmeasures the height of landforms
  above and below sea level.
• Negative elevation
• Death Valley 282 feet.
• Dead Sea 1309 feet.
• Mariana Trench 36,000 feet
• Positive Elevation
• Mt. Everest 29,028 feet
• 2. Reliefdifference between highest and lowest
  point in elevation.
• 3. Slopesteepness or slant

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• Forces That Shape the Land
• 1. Rock weathering
• a. first step in soil formation
• b. breaks up rock, dissolves, causes them
  to decay
• c. sedimentrocks broken into smaller
  particles of mud, sand, gravel.
• 2. Water
• a. most powerful form of erosion and
  transportation.
• Ex river or gully
• 3. Glaciers
• a. thick masses of ice that slowly glide
  across the
• earths surface.
• b. sheetcovers large areas. Thick in the
  middle.
• c. mountaincreates U-shaped valleys.

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• 4. Wind
• a. works most where there is fewer plants.
• b. wears down rock by blowing sand and
  other particles.
• c. blows sand and dust from one place to
  anothersand dunes.
• 5. Strong rocks resist erosionhigh ground
• 6. Erosion of weak rocks produces lowlands
• Internal Structure of the Earth
• 1. We know whats there because of shockwaves.
• a. primary wavetravels through solid and
  liquid
• b. secondarywill not pass through a
  liquid
• 2. Whats inside
• a. inner core
• -solid
• -5,000 to 6,000? F

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• b. outer core
• -liquid
• c. mantle
• -solid but elastic
• d. crust
• -solid but brittle
• - 5-25 miles thick
• Forces Beneath the Crust
• Shaped by heat and rock movement in crust and
  upper mantle
• 1. Volcano
• a. opening in earths crust through which
  lava flows
• b. lavamelted, liquid rock or magma
• 2. Foldrock layers are bent
• 3. Faultrock layers break and move.
• Earthquakes caused by movement
  along a fault

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• Plate Tectonics
• Based on Alfred Wegeners Continental Drift
  Theory
• earths crust is on several slow moving
  plates.
• Unanswered Questions
• a. fossilized remains of sea life in
  Himalayas.
• b. coal in Antarctica.
• c. oil in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
• d. fossilized species of same species
  of dinosaur in Africa, South America, and
  Antarctica.
• 3. The Theory
• a. 200 million years ago all continents
  were joined as one super-continentPangea.
• b. Pangea surrounded by one
  oceanPanthellassa.
• c. Pangea splits along east-west rift.
• Laurasia--north

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• Gandwanasouth
• d. Gandwana and Laurasia separated by
  Tethys Seaway.
• Plate tectonics animations
• 4. Plate Boundaries
• a. Divergenttwo plates separating
• riftAfrican Rift Valley
• sea floor spreadingMid-Atlantic
  Ridge
• b. Convergenttwo plates colliding
• Subductionone plate dives
  underneath. Trenches
• Mountains
• c. Transform fault2 tectonic plates
  sliding past
• San Andreas Fault

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• Section 2Water
• Evaporates from the ocean, about ¼ of that falls
  over the land.
• Distillationsalt water becomes fresh at point of
  evaporation.
• Uses of
• 1. Irrigationmove water to where its needed
• 2. Industry
• a. industrializationlarge scale
  manufacturing of goods using
• machine power.
• b. Fire protection, coolant.
• 3. Hydroelectricity
• a. water stored behind dams drives engines
  that produce power.
• 4. Transportation
• Characteristics of
• 1. Three forms solid, liquid, and gas
• 2. Dissolve anything over time
• 3. Heats and cools slowly, which moderates
  earths surface
• temperature.

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• Distribution (How its spread around the earth)
• 1. unevenly a source of conflict
• 2. Hydrosphere
• a. 97 ocean
• b. 2 ice caps
• c. less than 1 freshwater

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• Hydrologic Cycle
• 1. Cycle in which water is always changing form
  and location
• biosphere, lithosphere, oceans, etc.
• Water goes from oceans to land (rivers and
  lakes) and eventually returns to the ocean.
• 2. driven by solar energy
• 3. involves evaporation, condensation,
  precipitation
• 4. transpirationevaporation from the land.
  Plants give off water vapor from leaves.

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• Surface Water
• Precipitation flows down hills and mountains
  towards lowlands and coast.
• Headwaterssmallest streams to form eventually
  form rivers.
• Tributaryany smaller stream that flows into a
  larger one.
• Watershedarea of land drained by a river.
• Estuarywhere rivers meet inlet of the sea salt
  and fresh water meet.
• Rivers
• 1. Origins
• a. snowmelt from mountainsColorado,
  Missouri, Amazon.
• b. confluence of two smaller
  streamsMonongahela and
• Allegheny meet to form the Ohio.
• c. Underground springsPatoka
• d. Glacial melt
• e. lakes

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• 2. Life
• a. early youth
• -cutting down into the earth
• -rapids, water falls, natural lakes
• b. late youth
• -still cutting down
• -rapids disappear
• c. early maturity
• -river first begins to meander because
  it cuts sideways
• (still cuts downward)
• d. late maturity
• -meanders fully develop
• -ox bows
• e. old age
• -reaches sea level
• -deltas

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• Ponds
• 1. kettle-glacial
• 2. Cyprusflood plain of river
• 3. beaver
• 4. ox bow
• 5. karstsinkhole
• 6. farmman made
• Wetlands
• 1. land areas flooded at least ½ of the year
• 2. salt marsh
• a. develops at the mouth of a river or in
  the delta
• b. brackish watersalt and fresh mixed
• 3. wooded swamps
• 4. tundra bogs
• 5. river bottoms
• 6. Everglades

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• 7. support wide variety of wildlife
• 8. drained for farmland, housing, industry
• Groundwater
• 1. found in tiny spaces between soil and rock
  grains.
• 2. main source is precipitation
• 3. water table
• a. top of saturated zonerock grains.
• Area right above ground water.
• b. dig past water table for wells
• 4. Aquifer
• a. underground water that travels
• b. stored in and carried through porous
  rock
• c. Ogallala Aquiferbeing depleted because
  of irrigation.

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• 5. Oceans
• a. 71 of earths surface.
• b. One continuous body of water divided
  into fourAtlantic,
• Pacific, Indian, Arctic Ocean.
• c. Pacific is the largest, Arctic is the
  smallest
• d. Seassmaller bodies of water connected
  to oceans.
• e. Gulfsnear coasts and extend into land
• f. Depth13,000 ft. average. Marianna
  Trench36,000 ft.
• g. Continental shelfshallowest, slopes
  from continents
• 6. Seawater
• a. contains every element known on earth,
  even gold.
• b. no temperature extremes--1? difference
  between day and
• night.
• c. moving and circulating.
• d. most life found in shallow areas.

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• Section 3Natural Resources
• Plants and Soil
• Environmental regions
• 1. Hygrophytesplants which require a lot of
  water to grow. Trees.
• 2. Hydrophytesplants that grow in water.
  Wetland vegetation.
• 3. Mesophytesmoderate amounts of water.
  Grasslands.
• 4. Xerophytesvery little water. Cactus.
• 5. Tropophytesadapt to seasonal changes
  temperature and moisture. Deciduous plants
• 6. Halophytesplants that grow in soils
  saturated with salt.

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• Ecosystems
• 1. ecosystemcombination of physical and
  biological environments. Interdependent.
• 2. environmentthose things that surround us and
  influence us, and cause us to adapt.
• 3. Physical environment
• a. those things that are inorganicnon
  living or never have lived.
• b. air, climate, landforms, water.
• 4. Biological environment
• a. those things that are organicliving or
  have lived.
• b. Plants and animals
• 5. Biospherethose areas where life exists.
• a. biocyclessubdivision of biosphere
• land, freshwater, saltwater.
• b. biomessubdivisions of biocycles.

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• Adaptationability of plants and animals to
  adjust to their environment.
• 1. Natural/Plant Successionorderly transferal
  from one plant community to another (process).
  One plant group replaces anothershort ones
  replaced by taller ones.
• e.g. cedar woods replace by a forest.
• Plant communityplants that live in groups
  and support life in that area.
• 2. Climax communitytype of vegetation in final
  stage of
• succession. Deciduous forest for us. Best
  suited for resources of that area.
• Building Blocks of Adaptation
• (Factors that will cause plants to adjust)
• 1. Climate
• 2. Soil

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• 3. Base Minerals
• a. nitrogen
• b. phosphorous
• c. potassium
• 4. How minerals get into soil
• a. rotrapid decomposition
• moisture and heat
• b. decayslow decomposition
• drier and cooler middle latitudes
• c. leachingdown percolation of minerals
  into soil

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• 5. Soil building processdiffers from place to
  place, depends on climate.
• a. Laterization
• - tropics
• - do not have base minerals shallow
  tree roots
• - minerals washed down by leeching
• b. Podzolization
• - mid-latitude deciduous forests
• - contains the base minerals
• c. Calcification
• - richest soils, develop under thick
  grasses
• - Black Earth

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• d. Gleization
• - develop under wetlands
• - South Florida and Gulf Coast
• e. Salinization
• - dry saltbeds of a desert
• f. Humustop soil
• Soil Conservation
• 1. Contour plowing and crop rotation
• 2. Soil salinizationcaused by too much
  irrigation
• 3. Desertificationovergrazing, millions starved
  in Africa
• Forests
• 1. U.S. government created national forests in
  early 1900s.

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• 2. Deforestation
• a. logging and clearing of the rainforests
• b. 2 billion people rely on wood as their
  fuel source (charcoal)
• Lumber for Japanese
• 3. No reforestation
• Governments say logging provides jobs and income
  to invest in their economy.
• Water and Air
• 1. Water Quantity
• a. issue because of large populations
• b. desalinizationchanging salt water to
  fresh water

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• 2. Water Quality
• a. affected by population growth
• b. Developing countriessewage coming into
  contact with drinking water.
• c. Developedindustrial pollutants
• 3. Air Pollution
• a. smogsmoke fog
• b. Developing countriesrush to
  industrialize (Kyoto)
• c. Developedreduced by clean air laws
• d. CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) hurt the
  ozone
• e. Global Warmingbuild up of CO2 traps
  heat
• f. ice ages occur when CO2 was low, warmer
  periods when it increased.

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• g. volcanic activity and forest fires increase
  CO2
• Humans produce CO2 by burning fuels. Increase
  this past century coincides with industrial
  development.
• Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
• Nonrenewablenot replaced by natural processes.
  Oil
• Renewablecan be replaced by natural processes.
  Solar
• energy, water, forests.
• Fossil Fuels
• 1. Coal, petroleum, natural gas
• 2. Prehistoric fossils
• 3. Large amounts needed since the Industrial
  Revolution

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• 4. Coal
• a. major fuel for two centuries
• b. replaced by natural gas and petroleum
• c. still used, expensive to liquefy
• d. U.S. Russia, China, Australia
• 5. Petroleum
• a. liquid fuels
• b. essential for being an industrial power
• c. petrochemicals
• -fertilizers, food additives, etc.
• d. Texas, Alaska, Louisiana

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• 6. Natural Gas
• a. found with oil or separately
• b. cleanest burning fossil fuel
• c. shipped through long pipelines
• d. limited and becoming more expensive
• 7. Nuclear energy
• a. originally seen as clean and inexpensive
• b. Chernobyl incident
• c. Wasted buried in sealed containers in
  solid rock.
• Transportation is risky.

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• Renewable Resources
• 1. Hydroelectricity
• a. changes natural flow of rivers and
  interferes with fish migration.
• 2. Geothermalelectricity generated from
  escaping steam
• 3. Solar energyconverting sunlight to heat or
  electricity.
• 4. Windaerogenerators.