Chapter 6: Carbohydrates

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Chapter 6 Carbohydrates
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Define the following terms.

• added sugarssugars extracted from plants and
  used to sweeten foods.
• carbohydratesnutrient that is a persons main
  source of energy found mostly in plant foods.
• chlorophyllgreen pigment in plants must be
  present for photosynthesis to occur.

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complex carbohydratescarbohydrates with
complicated structures starches.

• dietary fiberplant materials that are eaten but
  cant be digested by human enzymes.
• disaccharidesform when two monosaccharides
  (single sugars) combine chemically.
• monosaccharidessugars with single-unit chemical
  structure.

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photosynthesischemical process by which plants
make carbohydrates.

• polysaccharidescomplicated chemical arrangements
  that plants form by combining single glucose
  units to build starches.
• simple carbohydratessugars formed from simple
  one- and two-unit structures.
• starchesformed when plants combine single
  glucose units into more complicated chemical
  structures.

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• sugarssimple carbohydrates chemically formed
  from plants made of carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen.
• sugar substitutesartificial sweeteners and sugar
  alcohols are

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Answer the following questions.

• What kinds of foods provide carbohydrates?
• Some are in milk most are in plant foods,
  including fruits, vegetables, grain products, dry
  beans, nuts, and seeds.
• Describe photosynthesis.
• Using the suns energy, plants convert carbon
  dioxide and water into oxygen and the sugar
  glucose.

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What makes glucose and sucrose different?

• Glucose is a monosaccharide, which has a one-unit
  chemical structure. Sucrose is a disaccharide,
  which has a two-unit chemical structure.
• If you saw the word dextrose on a food label,
  what would you know about that particular
  ingredient? Why?
• You would know it is a sugar because it ends
  in-ose.

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What is the difference between sugars and
starches?

• Because their one- and two- unit structures are
  chemically simple, sugars are called simple
  carbohydrates. Starches combine single glucose
  units into more complicated chemical structures
  and are called complex carbohydrates.
• Why isnt dietary fiber a nutrient?
• Because it cannot be digested by human enzymes

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A teen had a long bike ride coming up the next
day, so he decided to get ready by eating a big
steak the night before.

• Explain you opinion of his decision.
• Since energy-producing glucose is only available
  through plant foods, the steak wont help.
• During digestion, what happens to the
  carbohydrates you have eaten?
• Most are converted back to glucose. Fiber passes
  through the system undigested.

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How is the sugar in an apple different from the
sugar in a cookie?

• The apple has naturally occurring sugars. The
  cookie has added sugar put there for sweetening.
• 10. Since sugars are used to make starch in a
  plant, why dont such starchy foods as potatoes
  taste sweet?
• The starch molecules are too large to fit the
  taste buds receptors

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Predict what might happen if a person eliminated
all carbohydrates from his or her diet.

• Eliminating all carbohydrates would disrupt many
  body processes and make the person have less
  energy.
• Why might a lack of glycogen be a problem?
• Glycogen is extra glucose that has been stored
  for times when the body needs extra energy. If
  its not available, the body will use protein for
  energy, taking it away from building and
  repairing tissues.

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• A friend says to you Im supposed to cut down
  on carbohydrates, so I dont eat many starchy
  foods now. Thinking of health, how might you
  respond?
• This is not a good idea because health experts
  suggest that your daily carbohydrate allowance
  come mostly from complex carbohydrates and
  naturally occurring sugars rather than added
  sugars.

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• If someone on a 2,000-calorie diet drinks a
  12-ounce soft drink, how much more sugar could
  the person eat during the day if following USDA
  suggestions?
• None the drink probably has about 10 teaspoons
  of sugar, which is the daily limit suggested fro
  a 2,000-calorie diet.

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Suppose a cereal bar haws 16 g of sugar. How
many teaspoons of sugar is that?

• 4 teaspoons ( 16 divided by 4)
• How can a food that replaces sugar with a sugar
  substitute be high in calories?
• It would still be high in calories if its high
  in fat, which has 9 calories per gram.

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• Why do some people think that starchy foods make
  people gain weight?
• Because they are often eaten with high fat
  spreads, sauces, and gravies.

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If fiber is just eliminated as waste, why is it
needed?

• Fiber
• absorbs water and helps food move through the
  large intestine at a normal rate
• promotes regular bowel movements
• helps prevent constipation
• may help reduce cholesterol
• adds to feeling of fullness when eating.

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What kinds of foods contribute fiber to the diet?

• Whole-grain foods
• Dry beans. peas, and lentils
• Cooked vegetables.