CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

• PRASHANTH C P

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CARBON IS UNIQUE

• Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form
  large, complex, and diverse molecules
• Although cells are 7095 water, the rest
  consists mostly of carbon-based compounds
• Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules
  that distinguish living matter are all composed
  of carbon compounds

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Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

• Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in
  addition to carbon atoms
• Vitalism, the idea that organic compounds arise
  only in organisms, was disproved when chemists
  synthesized the compounds

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• Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that
  specializes in carbon compounds, also known as
  organic molecules.
• Plastic, rubber, and gasoline are important
  carbon compounds.
• Scientists classify the organic molecules in
  living things into four basic groups
  carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.

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Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by
bonding to four other atoms

• Electron configuration is the key to an atoms
  characteristics
• Electron configuration determines the kinds and
  number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms

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The Formation of Bonds with Carbon

• With four valence electrons, carbon can form four
  covalent bonds with a variety of atoms
• This tetravalence makes large, complex molecules
  possible

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• In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon
  bonded to four other atoms has a tetrahedral
  shape
• However, when two carbon atoms are joined by a
  double bond, the molecule has a flat shape

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• Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic
  molecules
• Carbon chains vary in length and shape

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some common molecules that contain carbon
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• Carbon molecules come in three basic forms
  straight chains, branching chains, and rings.
• All three forms are found in important biological
  molecules.

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SAPONIFICATION
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Cleansing action of soap
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SYNTHETIC DETERGENT
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Carbons Bonding Pattern

• Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell. To
  satisfy the octet rule, it needs to share 4 other
  electrons. This means that each carbon atom
  forms 4 bonds.
• The 4 bonds are in the form of a tetrahedron, a
  triangular pyramid.
• Carbon can form long chains and rings, especially
  with hydrogens attached.
• Compounds with just carbon and hydrogen are
  hydrocarbons non-polar compounds like oils and
  waxes.

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Functional Groups

• Most of the useful behavior of organic compounds
  comes from functional groups attached to the
  carbons. A functional group is a special
  cluster of atoms that performs a useful function.

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Structural Isomers

1. Pentane and 2-methylbutane are both C5H12.

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Alkenes
Alkanes
Alkynes
Aromatics
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Haloalkanes
R means alkyl group X is F, Cl, Br or I
R ? X
CH3CH2Cl Chloroethane
CCl4 Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride
using CHM 111 system)
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Alcohols
R ? OH
R means alkyl group
CH3CH2OH Ethanol (or Ethyl Alcohol)
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Carbonyl Group
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Carboxylic Acids
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Esters
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How to Make an Ester
O

CH3 C O H
H O CH3
- H2O
Combine an acid and and an alcohol with the
elimination of water to form ester linkage
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• Three Dimensional Shape of Molecules
• Virtually all molecules possess a 3-dimensional
  shape which is often not accurately represented
  by drawings
• It was proposed in 1874 by vant Hoff and le Bel
  that the four bonds around carbon where not all
  in a plane but rather in a tetrahedral
  arrangement i.e. the four C-H bonds point towards
  the corners of a regular tetrahedron

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• Ionic Bonds
• When ionic bonds are formed atoms gain or lose
  electrons to achieve the electronic configuration
  of the nearest noble gas
• In the process the atoms become ionic
• The resulting oppositely charged ions attract and
  form ionic bonds
• This generally happens between atoms of widely
  different electronegativities
• Example
• Lithium loses an electron (to have the
  configuration of helium) and becomes positively
  charged
• Fluoride gains an electron (to have the
  configuration of neon) and becomes negatively
  charged

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• Covalent Bonds
• Covalent bonds occur between atoms of similar
  electronegativity (close to each other in the
  periodic table)
• Atoms achieve octets by sharing of valence
  electrons
• Molecules result from this covalent bonding
• The usual way to indicate the two electrons in a
  bond is to use a line (one line two electrons)

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The Formation of Bonds with Carbon

• With four valence electrons, carbon can form four
  covalent bonds with a variety of atoms
• This tetravalence makes large, complex molecules
  possible