The Carbon, Oxygen

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The Carbon, Oxygen Nitrogen Cycles

• Take a deep breath.
• Let it out.
• What did you breathe in?
• What did you breathe out?

ALL CYCLES ANIMATED http//www.eastmarinedrive.c
om/edulinks/object.htm Carbon cycle
animation http//epa.gov/climatechange/kids/carbo
n_cycle_version2.html http//www.nodvin.net/snhu/
SCI219/demos/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animatio
ns/51_1_2_1.html http//www.youtube.com/watch?vU
3SZKJVKRxQ
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The Carbon, Oxygen Nitrogen Cycles
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Carbon and the Carbon Cycle
The element carbon is a basic constituent of all
living organisms. Its atoms combine easily with
other atoms to form a huge variety of molecules.
Some of these (carbon dioxide, bicarbonate ) have
names which make it obvious they are carbon
based, while others ( glucose, coal ) you just
have to remember. All cells whether animal,
plant or bacteria contain carbon because they
all contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
Plant cell walls for Example are made of
cellulose, a carbohydrate.
http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ImageCarbon_Cyc
le-animated_forest.gif
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Carbon and the Carbon Cycle

• Living organisms need carbon in order to
• Photosynthesis Green plants get their carbon
  from the
• carbon dioxide in the air, which enters the
  leaves and is used for
• energy. A product of photosynthesis is glucose
  another
• carbon-based compound.
• Eating In animals glucose reacts with oxygen
  to produce energy
• (with carbon dioxide as a by-product).
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA Carbon compounds
  are
• essential cellular building-blocks.

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The Carbon Cycle
Carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere by
plants through photosynthesis.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Animals eat plants, release Carbon dioxide
Decomposers return carbon to abiotic factors in
the environment
Exchanged between the oceans and the atmosphere
Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide to
the atmosphere
Large portions of carbon are stored in rocks
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OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
OXYGEN PRODUCER
ANIMALS USE THE OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCER

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CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
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Photosynthesis
Transpiration
Oxygen water vapor
Respiration
CO2
oxygen
DISSOLVING
decay
decay
Formation
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DRAW THE CARBON CYCLE p. 541-543 DRAW
LABEL 1. ARROWS CO2 2. VOLCANO 3. ANIMAL 4. DEAD
MATTER 5. FACTORY 6. CAMP FIRE
DRAW LABEL 7. ARROWS O2 8. PLANTS GIVE OFF 9.
ANIMALS FIRE TAKING IN OXYGEN
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ANIMATION OF WATER CYCLE 3 parts to click in
animation of a water molecule Ocean, river,
ground water http//www.planetguide.net/book/chap
ter_2/water-cycle1.html Animation of water
cycle http//www.eastmarinedrive.com/edulinks/obje
ct.htm
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The Water Cycle
Evaporation On a warm, __ day, water in a glass
seems to slowly disappear. This is because the
energy from the sun is __ the water up
and turning the liquid water into water __
. This process is called ___ .
When the water __ , it becomes an
invisible gas in the __ .
Evaporation takes place all over the earth, but
especially in the _ and __
where there is lots of water.
sunny
heating
Vapor
evaporation
evaporates
Atmosphere
oceans
lakes
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The Water Cycle
Condensation As the water vapor rises, it cools
off and _ into water __ . If the water
vapor becomes extremely cold, it will form ice
__ instead of water droplets. As
the water droplets or ice crystals grow bigger
and more numerous, they form __ .
condenses
droplets
crystals
clouds
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The Water Cycle
Precipitation If water droplets or ice crystals
become too __ they cant stay in the
air. They __ . Water droplets
precipitate as __ and
ice crystals precipitate as __
. Sometimes, the rain freezes before it
hits the earth and precipitates as ___
.
heavy
precipitate
rain
snow
hail
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The Water Cycle
Run Off This precipitation gathers into __
and that flow down to the lakes and oceans.
This is called __ . Not all of the water
makes it back to the oceans and lakes right away.
Some of it is used by animals and _ .
Some is frozen into __ . Eventually,
the animals and plants breathe the water out and
the glaciers melt, releasing the water back into
the water __ .
rivers
streams
Run off
plants
glaciers
cycle
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freezing
condensation
precipitation
evapotransporation
evaporation
infiltration
capillary action
runoff
ANIMATION http//earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide
/diagrams/watercycle/
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• DRAW THE WATER CYCLE p. 455-457
• OCEAN- EVAPORATION
• CLOUD- CONDENSATION
• CLOUD- PRECIPITATION
• LAND- SURFACE RUNOFF
• PLANTS- TRANSPIRATION
• ANIMAL- RESPIRATION
• ARROWS SHOWING CYCLE

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http//earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/wat
ercycle/index.html
http//www.epa.gov/safewater/kids/flash/flash_wate
rcycle.html
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NITROGEN CYCLE
ANIMATION OF THE NITROGEN CYCLE http//www.classzo
ne.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/em05_pg20_ni
trogen/em05_pg20_nitrogen.html http//www.eastmar
inedrive.com/edulinks/object.htm
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The Carbon, Oxygen Nitrogen Cycles
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The Carbon, Oxygen Nitrogen Cycles
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The Carbon, Oxygen Nitrogen Cycles
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Nodule filled with bacteria
Part of a clover root system bearing naturally
occurring nodules of Rhizobium, bacteria that can
fix atmospheric nitrogen. Each nodule is about
2-3 mm long.
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bacteria
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The Nitrogen Cycle
78 of the air around us is Nitrogen. Living
things need nitrogen to make proteins, but they
cannot get it directly from the air because
nitrogen gas is too stable to react inside an
organism to make new compounds. So nitrogen
must be changed into a more reactive form to
allow plants and animals to use it. Plants can
take up and use nitrogen when it is in the form
of urea or ammonium salts. Changing nitrogen
into a more reactive substance is called nitrogen
fixation.
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Nitrogen Fixation

• The energy in a lightening bolt can split the
  di-atomic
• molecule in the air allowing each nitrogen atom
  to react
• with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides.
• These oxides are washed to the ground by the rain
  where
• they form nitrates.
• 2. The nitrogen is used by industry to produce
• ammonia from nitrogen. Ammonia is used to make
• fertilizer for farmers to feed their crops.
• 3. Bacteria found in the soil and in the root
  nodules of
• leguminous plants fix nitrogen into a usable form.

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NITROGEN RETURNS
Nitrogen compounds are returned to the
soil by wastes and decay from animals or
when Plants and animals die and decay. The
nitrogen compounds returned in this way are
changed back to nitrogen gas by denitrifying
bacteria which live in the soil thus completing
the cycle.
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http//www.nicksnowden.net/Module_3_pages/nitrogen
_cycle.htm
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N 0 nitrates
N compound
EXCRETION
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NITROGEN CYCLE- convert nitrogen gas into a
usable form for plants
animals called
Nitrogen fixation

Lightning fixes N gas in the air into
NO nitrates
NITROGEN gas used by bacteria
LEGUME-clover, alfalfa, beans, peas, peanuts
Animal eats the plant to get N compound (protein-
builds muscle)
N compound broken down to nitrogen gas
Nitrates absorbed
NITRATES- bacteria waste

NODULES-lump on roots /bacteria home
DECOMPOSERS-bacteria, fungi break down matter
MUTUALISM-both plant bacteria benefit from
living together
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NITROGEN CYCLE
Animals get the N compound in the body by eating
plants. PROTEIN needed to build muscle.
Lightning fixes N gas to a usable form
LEGUME- CLOVER, BEANS.PEAS, PEANUTS
DECAY- bacteria decomposes matter
BACTERIA take in N to produce a nitrogen
compound-NITRATES
Plant absorbs it
Nitrates
NODULES- lumps on the roots where bacteria live
MUTUALISM-both legume bacteria benefit from
living together
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• DRAW THE NITROGEN CYCLE p. 426-427
• Animal eating clover
• Clover with knots on roots (LEGUME)
• Dead animal matter or bones
• Lightning

• ARROWS DRAWN LABELED
• 5. 78 FREE N2 (in the air) going into the
  bacteria in the plant ROOT
• 6. NODULES WITH bacteria taking in N2 and
  producing N2 compound (nitrate)

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7. Arrow from the roots into the plant 8. Label
the green leaves with PROTEIN 9. Draw an arrow
into the animal and label PROTEIN (N2
COMPOUND) 10. Bacteria in the soil breaks down
wastes returns to air N 2 11. Dead
animal matter is broken down free nitrogen
returns to air.
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1. Ammonia or Ammonium (line pointing to fish)
released from gills.   (pointing to dots) result
of fish waste and the decay of uneaten food, dead
plants and fish.2. Nitrosomonas This bacteria
eats ammonia and converts it to nitrite.3.
Nitrobacteria This bacteria eats nitrite and
converts it to nitrate.4. Nitrate removal
Nitrate is used by plants as fertilizer and is
also removed from the aquarium through
evaporation and regular water changes.
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2.
1.
3.
Plant uses nitrates
The bacteria eat ammonia converts it to
eat the nitrites converts it to .
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• CYCLES QUIZ
• List 5 things producing carbon dioxide gas.
• 2. List 2 things taking in or absorbing carbon
  dioxide gas.
• 3. List 1 thing producing oxygen gas.
• 4. List 1 thing using or taking in nitrogen gas.

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5. List 2 things producing nitrogen gas. 6. List
3 things producing a nitrogen compound. 7. List
5 major parts to a water cycle in sequence.
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three major processes involved in the nitrogen
cycle.
Nitrogen Fixation-Bacteria are responsible for
this process. Nitrification-Plants receive the
components of the "fixed" nitorgen using nitrates
in the soil to provide the nutrients they
need. Assimilation -Plant roots assimilate
Nitrogen mainly in the form of nitrates while
animals assimilate their nitrogen by eating the
plants. Ammonification-Ammonia is formed in the
soil by the decompostion of plants and animals
and by the release of animal waste.
Denitrification-This is the reduction of
nitrates to gaseous nitrogen. Denitrifying
bacteria perform almost the reverse of the
nitorgen fixing bacteria.
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Neither plants or animals can obtain nitrogen
directly from the atmosphere. Instead, they
depend on a process known as nitrogen fixation.
Key players in this process are legumes and the
symbiotic bacteria which are associated with the
legume's root nodules. These bacteria are known
as nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These organisms
convert nitrogen in the soil to ammonia, which
can then be taken up by plants. After nitrogen
has been fixed, other bacteria convert it into
nitrate, in a process known as nitrification. In
the first step of this process, Nitrosomonas
convert ammonia into nitrite, and in the second
step, nitrite is converted into nitrate, by
Nitrobacter. This nitrate is then consumed by
plants. The final aspect of the nitrogen cycle is
the process of denitrification. This process is
performed by a variety of microscopic bacteria,
fungi, and other organisms. Nitrates in the soil
are broken down by these organisms, and nitrogen
is released into the atmosphere. This complete
the cycle.
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What to do when you have a major water
trouble.If your tank water becomes tremendously
unbalanced, some symptoms may be observed before
even testing and finding out so-water goes
cloudy-fish stomach indents-fish become sickIf
you see these symptoms, test the water
immediately. If the water is truly bad, here are
some steps that can be taken-Do a mandatory 35
water change-Add zeolite and carbon to your fish
 filter (as seen in picture) Do 25 water changes
weekly until the levels return back to normal
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Waste products decay into ammonia, and ammonia is
a highly toxic substance to fish it can in fact
kill them relatively quickly, or cause them to go
into shock (panting, hyperventilating, swimming
erratically, laying in the sand, etc.).
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• NITROGEN FIXATION
• BACTERIA fixes N gas to a usable form
• LEGUMES will use the NITRATES given off by
  bacteria
• Animals eat plants to get a N compound called
  PROTEIN to
• build muscles.
• 4. Animal wastes decomposition of body returns
  N compound (NITRATES) to the soil N gas to the
  air.

5.Why is it necessary? We cant absorb Nitrogen
gas but we need a nitrogen compound (protein). We
get protein from the Nitrogen fixation to build
muscles .
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Match the lettered arrows on the diagram with the
correct labels below. Type your answers in the
boxes provided. 1. Nitrates absorbed from the
soil by plant roots. 2. Animals gain nitrogen
compounds by feeding. 3. Decay of wastes, dead
plants and animals. 4. Haber process produces
ammonium compounds. 5. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
in root nodules convert atmospheric nitrogen to
nitrates. 6. Denitrifying bacteria in soil
convert soil nitrates to nitrogen in the air. 7.
In thunderstorms lightning combines nitrogen and
oxygen. The rainfall contains nitrates.
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LITTER- dead leaves grass
Plenty of nutrients
HUMUS- dark soil made up of remains of decayed
matter.
FERTILE topsoil
Humus makes the soil fertile.
Subsoil-less fertile more fragments
SOIL- rock fragments HUMUS
BEDROCK
Poor soil management results in EROSION, NUTRIENT
DEPLETION DESERTIFICATION
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• What layer of earth is most fertile?
• topsoil
• 2. What is the dead organic matter in the soil
  called?
• humus
• 3. What is soil? ?? ??
• Rock decayed matter (humus)
• 4. Define erosion, no more than 4-5 words.
• Carry away
• 5. Define fallow. P.. 425
• unplanted

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• RESOURCES QUIZ
• 6. Rotating crops will help prevent ____. P. 426
• nutrient depletion
• 7. How do we get a nitrogen compound into our
  body?
• Eating plants or eating an herbivore.
• 8. What fixes nitrogen gas to a usable form for
  plants?
• bacteria
• 9. What decomposes dead matter releases
  nitrogen gas back to the air?
• bacteria

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10. What uses nitrogen gas? bacteria 11. Whats
the name of the plant group that have
nodules? legumes 12. A synonym for incineration.
burn 13. List the 3 Rs. reduce, reuse,
recycle 14. What is the job of decomposers?
Break down
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15. Define corrosive on p. 439. Dissolve
matter 16. Using a cloth bag each time for
carrying groceries out is ____ Reduce 17. If I
buy a bottle of water when its empty, I refill
it with water each time, this is called
_ Reuse