Chapter 1 Chemistry: An Introduction

1
Chapter 1Chemistry An Introduction

• CHY 105 Fundamentals of Chemistry

2
Chapter Outline

• Chemistry defined
• Examples of chemistry in everyday life
• Chemistry in context
• The natural sciences
• Branches of chemistry
• Chemistry in history
• Methods of science
• Basic vs. applied science
• Public vs. private funding

3
Chemistry

• Chemistry study of the matter (materials) of
  the universe and the changes that this matter
  undergoes
• Matter anything that has mass and occupies
  space
• Examples of matter and non-matter

4
Chemistry

• What chemists study about the matter
• Composition
• Structure
• Properties
• Related to composition and structure
• Chemical changes the matter will undergo
• Relationship between the matter and
• The environment
• Human health

5
Chemistry and Everyday Life

• Better (?) living through chemistry
• Wrinkle-free cotton
• Dr. Ruth Benerito
• CFCs and the ozone layer
• Lead paint

6
(No Transcript)
7
Chemistry in Context
8
Chemistry in Context

• Physical Sciences

• Biological Sciences

9
Branches of Chemistry

• Inorganic
• Study of matter this is primarily of mineral
  (non-living origin)
• Organic
• Study of carbon containing compounds
• Once believed that all carbon containing
  compounds were of living origin

10
Branches of Chemistry

• Analytical
• Study of matter to determine the identity and
  quantity of its components
• Forensic chemistry is a sub-branch
• Physical
• Study of the structure of matter and the
  influence of energy on matter
• Materials chemistry is a sub-branch

11
Kevlar Inventor Joins Women's Hall of Fame

• Chemical Week, October 8, 2003 Retired DuPont
  scientist Stephanie Kwolek, whose research led to
  the discovery of Kevlar aramid fiber, was
  inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame
  in Seneca Falls, NY, on October 4. Kwolek joined
  DuPont in 1946 as laboratory chemist in Buffalo,
  NY and spent 40 years with the company, mostly at
  its experimental station at Wilmington, DE.
  DuPont says nearly 3,000 law enforcement officers
  have survived potentially fatal or disabling
  injuries because they were wearing body armor
  made from aramid fiber. All U.S. combat soldiers
  have worn Kevlar helmets since the 1991 Gulf War,
  it says.

12
Branches of Chemistry

• Environmental Chemistry
• Study of pollutants to identify their sources, to
  determine the quantities present , and to
  discover ways to address the issues associated
  with them
• Often considered a branch of _____________

13
Branches of Chemistry

• Biochemistry
• Study of reactions that take place in living
  organisms
• Links the biological and physical sciences
• Branch of science most important to the medical
  sciences

14
History of Chemistry

• Metals
• Gold, copper (3000 BCE), bronze (copper/tin
  alloy, 2000 BCE), iron (1500 BCE)

15
History of Chemistry

• Chemical Arts
• Pottery
• Ceramics
• Dyes
• Embalming techniques
• Perfumes
• Brewing of alcoholic beverages

16
History of Chemistry

• Greek Philosophers, 400 300 BCE
• First to speculate about the nature of matter
• Proposed that all matter is composed of 4
  elements
• Air, earth, fire, water
• Aristotle added a 5th element
• Ether to glow

17
History of Chemistry

• Greek Philosophers, 400 300 BCE
• Democritus proposed an alternate explanation of
  the matter of the universe
• All matter is composed of tiny indivisible
  particles called atomus
• theory not well supported by Aristotle
• Therefore, Democritus theory was not widely
  accepted at the time

18
History of Chemistry

• Alchemy - Two pursuits
• Search for a means to convert base metals into
  gold
• Search for the elixir of life
• Substance that would lead to immortality

19
History of Chemistry

• Advances from Alchemy
• Many new substances where identified
• Plaster of Paris, nitric acid.
• New lab techniques and equipment developed
• New medicines identified

20
History of Chemistry

• Modern Chemistry, 1600 on
• First to use scientific method
• Methodical approach to problem solving
• Based on hypothesis testing

21
Modern Chemistry, 1600 on

• Boyle (1600s)
• Studied the affect of pressure on the volume of
  gases
• Priestly (1700s)
• Among other things, first to discover and study
  the properties of oxygen
• Came to US to avoid religious persecution
• Some give Schele in Sweden credit for discovering
  oxygen

22
Modern Chemistry

• Lavoisier (mid/late 1700s)
• Called the father of modern chemistry
• Proposed the law of conservation of matter
  matter can neither be created nor destoyed

23
Modern Chemistry

• John Dalton (1800s)
• Proposed atomic theory
• Marie and Pierre Curie (1890 -1900s)
• First to study radioactivity
• Identified several new radioactive elements
• Polonium and radium
• Neils Bohr (1900)
• Proposed theory of atomic structure

24
The Curies Niels Bohr
25
Scientific Method

• Make observations
• Observations must be recordable and repeatable
• Observations may be
• Quantitative
• or
• Qualitative

26
Scientific Method

• Develop hypotheses to explain the observations
• Hypothesis tentative explanation of the
  observations

27
Scientific Method

• Perform Experiments
• Make predictions based on the hypothesis
• If the hypothesis is truewhat else will be true
• Test accuracy of the prediction
• Repeat for all hypotheses
• Experiments often lead to new observations and
  more hypotheses to test

28
Scientific Method

• Analyze results and share findings and
  conclusions
• Publish results in journals
• Present findings at conferences..
• Public versus Private Research

29
Natural Laws and Theories

• From scientific research come theories and laws
• Theory (also called a model) - explanation of
  observed behavior based on significant data
• Natural Law - statement/summary of observed
  behavior
• Law of conservation of matter

30
Types of Scientific Research

• Basic research
• scientific research for the sake of knowledge, no
  immediate application in mind.
• Applied research
•  scientific research with the short-term goal of
  solving a specific problem
• begin the research with an application in mind.

31
Chapter 1 Questions

• 9 and 13 on page 13