Absolute Monarchs in Europe

1
Absolute Monarchs in Europe

• Spains Empire
• Chapter 21.1

2
Quick Question

• What do you think of when you hear the word
  ABSOLUTE
• What are some synonyms for this word?

3
Quick Introduction

• What is an ABSOLUTE MONARCH?
• A king or queen who has total power, and seeks to
  control all aspects of society
• What gives the king their power?
• Divine Right belief that God gave the king his
  right to be king (Gods Representative)

Feudalism
Renaissance
Growth of Cities
Growth of Nationalism
Need for Central Power
Evolution of Absolutism
4
I. Spains Rise to Power

• In the 1500s Spain gained land, this meant that
  Spain gained power and influence.
• Spain had an ABSOLUTE RULER, Charles V.
• What he controlled
• Spain
• Spains colonies in the New World
• Parts of Italy, Netherlands, and Austria
• Much of Germany
• Charles V split his land, and retired to a
  monastery

5
Phillip II of Spain

• His dad was Charles V (from the other slide)
• His dad left him Spain, and many of his other
  holdings
• Spain became very rich from their colonies in the
  New World, this made Phillip very wealthy and
  powerful.
• Philip was a defender of Catholicism, (he hated
  the Muslims and Protestants) so he sent his large
  naval fleet to England to punish all
  non-Catholics.

6
Defeat of the Spanish Armada

• Who English vs. Spanish
• When 1588
• Where English Channel
• Details
• 130 Spanish Ships attacked the English navy
• English Navy outmaneuvered Spanish, and used long
  range guns on them
• Results
• Spain was weakened
• English Navy became the strongest navy on the
  Planet

7
Problems within the Spanish Empire

• The massive wealth that Spain acquired, led to
  long-term financial problems.
• Inflation value of money is worth less, because
  so many people have lots of it.
• Tax Problems for the Lower Class, led to the near
  elimination of Middle Class.
• King had to borrow money from other countries,
  and 3 times he had to declare bankruptcy.

8
II. Birth of the NetherlandsThe Dutch Revolt

• Phillip had to raise an army to keep his subjects
  under control.
• Many Dutch were Calvinist (Spain was Catholic).
• The Dutch had a prosperous Middle Class
• Phillip raised taxes in the Netherlands and tried
  to end Protestantism.

9
Dutch Revolt (contd)

• 1566 angry protestant mobs swept through Catholic
  Churches.
• 1568 Phillip had 1500 protestants killed.
• 1579 they claimed their independence and became
  the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

10
Independent Dutch Prosper

• United Provinces of the Netherlands practiced
  religious toleration.
• They were a Republic (each province had an
  elected governor)
• Stable govt led to economic growth (large fleet
  allowed for lots of trading!)

11
Dutch Art

• During 1600s, the Netherlands became what
  Florence had been in the 1400s (remember the
  Renaissance?)
• The best banks and artists
• Rembrandt van Rijn was the best.
• Portraits of wealthy merchants
• Group portraits
• Sharp contrast of light and dark, showed
  individuality of each person

12
(No Transcript)
13
Absolutism Dominates Europe

• Why did monarchs gain power?
• Decline of feudalism
• Rise of cities
• Merchants supported monarchs
• Crises
• Religious and territorial conflicts
• Monarchs tried to regulate this by gaining more
  power

14
Absolutism in FranceThe Reign of Louis 14th

• Chapter 21
• Section 2

15
III. Setting the Stage for Louis 14A. Henry 4

• There were BIG problems in France with religious
  connotations.
• The Catholics and the Huguenots (French
  Protestants) were constantly fighting.
• There was a time of peace when Henry of Navarre
  (a Huguenot prince) came to power
• He converted to Catholicism in order to help the
  country
• Signed the Edict of Nantes meant religious
  toleration for the Huguenots in France.
• He was assassinated by a fanatic who did not like

16
Setting the Stage for Louis 14 Louis 13

• B. Louis 13th
• WEAK king
• Richelieu was his main advisor
• He pretty much ran the kingdom, not Louis
• He hated the Huguenots
• Strengthened his own power by weakening the
  nobles influence (made them take down their
  fortified castles)
• New Thinking Writing in France
• Skepticism NOTHING CAN BE CERTAIN
• Descartes took these ideas and applied them to
  science

17
C. Louis 14The Most Powerful Ruler of France

• I am the state meaning that he was France
• Began his rule when he was 4 years old
• Because he was so young when he took over, he had
  an advisor Mazarin.
• Mazarins rule caused the nobles to revolt.
  Louis hated this and made up his mind that he
  would become so powerful that the nobles would
  NEVER rise against him.
• Louis excluded them from councils and taxed them

18
The Actions of Louis 14

• Expanded the economy
• Jean Baptist Colbert Minister of Finance used
  Mercantilism to build Frances bank accounts
• Focused on making money in the New World (fur
  trade)
• Over-turned the Edict of Nantes
• Persecuted the Huguenots, so they left, and took
  jobs and money with them.
• Pampered himself
• Lived in TOTAL luxury, had 500 servants, cooks,
  etc. who looked after his every desire.
• Patron of the Arts
• Ballet and the Opera

19
Louis 14 Extends Frances Borders

• Under Louis leadership, France became the most
  powerful nation in Europe.
• Largest Population
• French Army Best trained, best weapons, most
  soldiers
• With this large army, Louis began to expand the
  French borders.
• Early in his campaigns he had success
• Eventually his luck ran out
• Hurt the people, b/c the high cost war was paid
  with taxes

20
D. One Last War for the French

• The French people wanted peace.
• What they got was another war
• The War of Spanish Succession
• France and Spain were on the verge of unification
• Other countries of Europe were scared that this
  would be too much power for the Bourbon Kings.
• Result Spain and France were beaten, and the
  thrones were not permitted to be unified.

21
French Expansion
22
Louis 14 Legacy Death

• Positives that Louis Brought
• Strengthened France in Art Literature
• Strengthened French Military and influence in
  Europe
• Strengthened the French Colonies in the New World

• Negatives that Louis Brought
• Constant Warfare
• Lost of debts (palace and fighting)
• High Taxes for the people
• Set the stage for the French Revolution

• Louis died in his bed in 1715. The French people
  celebrated when they heard the news.

23
Louis Palace The Palace at Versailles

• The Palace at Versailles was 14 miles outside of
  Paris.
• 5,000 acres of forests, gardens, and lawns
• 1,400 Fountains, so many that they could not even
  run them all at the same time. (The workers
  would just turn them on when Louis walked by, and
  turn them off when he walked away.)
• The cost to build them palace was approximately
  2.5 billion.
• It took 36,000 people to build the Palace at
  Versailles.

People who wanted to speak to the king could not
knock on his door. Instead, using the left pinkie
finger, they had to gently scratch on the door,
until they were granted permission to enter. As a
result, many courtiers grew that fingernail
longer than the others
Why do you think that Louis built this palace?
24
Palace at Versailles
25
Palace at Versailles
26
Central European Monarchs Clash

• Chapter 21
• Section 3

27
IV. The 30 Years War

• When 1618 1648
• Where Bohemia (Czech Republic)
• Who Protestants (with Lutheran help) and
  Catholics
• Details Conflict over religion, territory, and
  for power among European ruling families
• Results
• Hurt Germany most (lost 4 million people)
• Treaty Peace of Westphalia
• This was the last religious war in Europe
• Europe became a group independent countries,
  rather than a Catholic Empire

28
V. Formation of European Countries

• Central European Countries developed slowly.
  Western European countries developed quickly.

• Western Europe
• Serfs gained independence and moved to cities to
  form the middle class
• Strong Empires
• Strong Leaders

• Central Europe
• Serfs were restricted from leaving their farming
  lifestyles, stuck in the lower class
• Weak Empires
• Weak Leaders

29
The 7 Years War

• When 1756 - 1763
• Where Europe, India, North America
• Who England vs. France (and their allies)
• Results England gained the most
• They took all of Frances holding in the New
  World
• England gained trading domination in India

30
Absolute Rulers of Russia

• Chapter 21
• Section 4

31
Russias Absolute Ruler Ivan IV

• Ivan IV a.k.a Ivan the Terrible
• Came to the throne when he was only 3 years old.
• At the age of 16 he crowned himself czar (Caesar)
  and took control
• Why would he want to be recognized as czar?

32
Two Stages of Ivans Life

• Good Stage 1547-1560
• Married Anastasia
• Expanded Russias lands
• Cleaned-up the Russian legal system

WIFE (ANASTASIA) DIED / He thought she was
poisoned.

• Bad Stage 1560-1584
• Ivan put together a secret police who went
  around hunting those suspected of being traitors
  (killed 1000s)
• Killed his own son (oldest)

33
Details about killing his son

• In 1581, Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law
  for wearing immodest clothing, causing a
  miscarriage. His son, also named Ivan, upon
  learning of this, engaged in a heated argument
  with his father, which resulted in Ivan striking
  his son in the head with his pointed staff,
  causing his son's (accidental) death. This event
  is depicted in the famous painting by Ilya Repin,
  Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on Friday,
  November 16, 1581 better known as Ivan the
  Terrible killing his son

34
Russias Struggles

• After Ivan killed his oldest son there was only
  his weak, youngest son to rule.
• He was too weak to lead effectively.
• He died without an heir.
• Then there was a question of who would now become
  czarenter Czar Peter the Great
• This began the rule of the Romanov Dynasty in
  Russia (lasts 300 years)

35
Czar Peter I

• Known as Peter the Great
• 68 tall
• Took over in 1696
• Strengthened the power of the czar (that is added
  to his ABSOLUTE POWER)
• When Peter took over Russia was very backwards,
  in that they still based their society on
  Vassals, serfs, etc., Peter was determined to
  change this.

36
Peters Reforms

• In 1697, Peter made a grand tour of Western
  Europe.
• Peter wanted to learn about their customs and
  manufacturing techniques.
• In order to make Westernize Russia, Peter had
  to strengthen is ABSOLUTE POWER. Heres what he
  did
• Controlled the Russian Church
• Reduced the power of the Upper Class, and created
  a Middle Class
• Enlarged the Russian Army (raised taxes to pay
  them)

37
Peters Westernization of Russia

• The Westernization Process
• Introduced Potatoes as a part of their diet
• Started a newspaper
• Allowed women to attend social gatherings
• Had the Nobles start wearing Western Fashions
• Education Focus Navigation, Arts, and Sciences
• St. Petersburg Russias warm water port (named
  after Peters Patron Saint)

Results of Peters Actions Russia became
modernized, and better off as a result of his
efforts.
38
Chapter 21Section 5

• Parliament Limits the
• English Monarchy

39
Monarchs Defy Parliament

• First, you need to understand that a MONARCHY is
  a form of ABSOLLUTISM.
• The Monarchs (Kings and Queens) felt that they
  were above the law (i.e. Parliament)
• Parliament English version of Congress

40
Monarchs vs. Parliament

• Queen Elizabeth she had problems with the
  parliament regarding money

James I he had problems with the parliament
regarding religion
Charles I fired the Parliament just got rid
of it!
41
Details Charles I vs. Parliament

• Charles fired Parliament
• Then he needed them back to get him some money
• He re-hired them.
• The only way that Parliament would give him money
  is if he signed the Petition of Right.
• No false imprisonment
• No taxes w/o Parliaments consent
• No housing of soldiers in homes
• No martial (absolute) law in peace time
• Charles signed it then he IGNORED it.
• Parliament then withheld money He fired them
  again

42
English Civil War

• Why? because the people were mad at Charles for
  firing the Parliament (and Parliament was mad
  too)
• When? 1642 1649

• Loyalists
• Supported Charles
• Called Cavilers
• Also called Royalists

• Puritans
• Supported Parliament
• Called Roundheads
• Leader was Oliver Cromwell

VS
43
Results of the English Civil War

• Oliver Cromwells Roundheads defeated the
  Cavilers and imprisoned Charles
• They put him on trial, sentenced him to death
  chopped his head off.

44
Changes in Power

• Oliver Cromwell took over following the civil war
• Formed a military state
• Very strict
• Charles II in power
• After Cromwell died, the people wanted to have a
  king Charles II (Charles I son) took over.
• He got along better with the Parliament,
  restoration took place in England.

45
Glorious Revolution

• 1685 Charles II died with NO heir
• His brother James II took over (but he was
  catholic!)
• He soon offended Parliament and voted some
  Catholic friends into high office (against the
  law)
• Parliament protested, so he fired them
• His wife then had a son and the people were
  scared that a long line of Catholics would rule.

46
Glorious Revolution (contd)

• HOWEVER, James had an older Protestant daughter
  (Mary) who married William of Orange.
• Parliament invited William to overthrow James II.
  He brought and army, James II was scared and fled
  the country
• Thus, the Glorious Revolution began and ended
  with no fighting
• William and Mary begin their reign and develop a
• CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
• There is a monarch in place,
• however they are limited in
• their power