Factors affecting Europe

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Factors affecting Europe

• The Renaissance
• The Protestant Reformation
• The Scientific Revolution
• The Enlightenment
• Exploration and Expansion
• The New World
• The Commercial Revolution
• Development of the nation-state

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Changes and Continuities
Changes
Highly centralized empires Movement away from religion (secularism) Overseas (maritime) empires Growth of bourgeosie challenging nobility Increasing private investment (joint-stock companies) Vernacular(local language) increases literacy Cartography improves Constitutionalism (Dutch/English) New foodstuffs introduced from Columbian exchange enhances diet Religious wars and intolerance (1/3 of Europe dies in 30yrs war) Most populations still rural Christianity still most important religion Most society still illiterate Feudalism still exists (although less so) Europe still behind Asia in trade Patriarchy persists (especially amongst nobility) Nobility (aristocracy) still powerful War persists (from 100 yrs to 30 yr) although now new weaponry (gunpowder) leads to higher casualty rates Serfdom remains a coercive labor force
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Spain

• Union of Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon
• Reconquista (1492)- fall of Grenada
• Charles V - Holy Roman Emperor

The lands of the Hapsburg emperor, Charles V
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Spain

• Philip II - The Most Catholic King
• New World wealth
• Religious wars Thirty Years War, Lepanto,
  Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Armada
• Spanish Inquisition
• Decline- weak rulers, bankruptcy, decline in
  military power

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France

• Hundred Years War consolidation of lands
• War within France Huguenots
• Edict of Nantes 1598
• Thirty Years War Treaty of Westphalia 1648
• Cardinal Richelieu and Mazzarin development of
  the French state

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France

• Louis XIV The Sun King
• Letat ces moi
• Absolutism rule by divine right
• The Court at Versailles
• The Estates General the Three Estates
• Colonies

Louis XIV
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The First Estate The Clergy
The Second Estate The Nobility
The Third Estate The Commoners
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England

• Henry VIII Reformation
• Bloody Mary
• Elizabeth I Consolidation of Protestantism
• England as a nation-state

Elizabeth I
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England

• The Stuarts
• James I Catholicism versus Protestantism /
  Monarch versus parliament
• Charles I

Execution of Charles I
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England

• The English Civil War (Revolution?)
• Oliver Cromwell
• Roundheads versus Cavaliers
• New Model Army
• Ireland Scotland conquered
• The Commonwealth

Oliver Cromwell
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Britain

• The Restoration of Charles II
• James II Religious issues
• 1688 - The Glorious Revolution
• William and Mary
• Queen Anne
• The House of Hanover
• Impact on Colonies

Charles II
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Act Of Union 1707
The Cross of St. Andrew - Scotland

The Cross of St. George - England
The Union Jack
The Cross of St. Patrick - Ireland
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• Kiev established by Vikings
• Strong Byzantine influences
• Conquered by Mongols in late 1230s
• Princes of Muscovy worked with Mongols to gain
  power
• Ivan III (the Great) stopped tribute to Mongols
  in 1480

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• Ivan III absorbed independent Novgorod (tied to
  Poland-Lithuania) into new state
• To settle new territories, Ivan III used free
  peasant pioneers (Cossacks)
• Cossacks played large role in the expansion of
  Russia
• Focus of expansion was to the east - Furs

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• Peter the Great
• Peter developed fascination for Western
  technology
• Took throne in 1689
• Established a policy of rapid and forced
  modernization and Westernization
• Copied many aspects of Western military
• Peter developed fascination for Western
  technology
• Took throne in 1689
• Established a policy of rapid and forced
  modernization and Westernization
• Copied many aspects of Western military

Peter the Great
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• Established the Table of Ranks, permitting
  nobles to move ahead based on merit
• Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of
  the harem
• Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and
  cities
• 1703 - built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St.
  Petersburg
• abolished the Table of Ranks, permitting nobles
  to move ahead based on merit
• Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of
  the harem
• Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and
  cities
• 1703 - built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St.
  Petersburg

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• Russia and the West
• Peter adopted only that which did not interfere
  with the autocratic state
• Westernization caused hostility on part of the
  populace
• Russia would continue love-hate relationship with
  the West

• Russia and the West
• Peter adopted only that which did not interfere
  with the autocratic state
• Westernization caused hostility on part of the
  populace
• Russia would continue love-hate relationship with
  the West

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• Catherine the Great
• Married Peter III
• Peter murdered Catherine the Great
• Married Peter III
• Peter murdered Catherine succeeded to throne as
  Catherine II (1762 1796)
• Ruled with support of nobility and military
• Selective Westernization interested in the
  Enlightenment
• Catherine succeeded to throne as Catherine II
  (1762 1796)
• Ruled with support of nobility and military
• Selective Westernization interested in the
  Enlightenment

Catherine II (the Great)
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• Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and
  Siberia
• Partitioned Poland Poland not free again until
  1918
• Absorbed large Jewish population
• Enacted harsh policies on treatment of serfs
• Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and
  Siberia
• Partitioned Poland Poland not free again until
  1918
• Absorbed large Jewish population
• Enacted harsh policies on treatment of serfs

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Russian Expansion 1700 to 1741
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The Netherlands

• Freedom from Spain (map)
• Dutch Republic de facto 1609
• Strong naval traditions
• Tradition for tolerance
• VOC Dutch East India Company
• The Spice Trade
• Colonies

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The Holy Roman Empire

• Hapsburgs lands divided by Emperor Charles V
• Core Austria (Hungary added)
• German states lost after Thirty Years War
• Ottoman pressures
• Weakly bound nation-state

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Italy

• City-states
• Center of Renaissance
• Decline in power and influence after late 1400s
  as trade shifts from Mediterranean to Atlantic
  and Asia

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Portugal

• Early success in exploration
• Early domination of spice and slave trade
• Too weak to fend off competing European states
  (England Dutch)
• Gradual decline

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The German States

• Origin of Lutheranism
• Treaty of Westphalia Freedom
• Emergence of Prussia
• Militaristic state Europes fourth largest
  army
• Frederick I (Frederick the Great) Prussia
  dominant German state

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European Wars

• Competition for territory, resources, and markets
• Balance of power guiding philosophy
• War of the Austrian Succession First World War?
• Seven Years War aka French Indian War

Maria Theresa