Mexican Revolution

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Mexican Revolution

• and the foreign policy of President Woodrow Wilson

Presentation created by Robert Martinez
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• The Monroe Doctrine issued by James Monroe in
  1823, warned other nations against expanding
  their influence in Latin America.

President James Monroe
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• 1904, the Roosevelt Corollary asserted, that the
  United States had a right to exercise
  international police power (military force) in
  the Western hemisphere.

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• President Woodrow Wilson felt that the United
  States had a moral responsibility to deny
  recognition to any Latin American government it
  viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to
  U.S. interests.

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• Prior to this policy, the United States
  recognized any government that controlled a
  nation, regardless of that nations policies or
  how it had come to power.

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• Wilsons policy pressured nations in the Western
  hemisphere to establish democratic governments.

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• The Mexican Revolution put President Wilsons
  policy to the test.

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• Mexico had been ruled for more than three decades
  by a military dictator, Porfirio Diaz.

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• President Diaz had been friendly with the United
  States, and had encouraged foreign investments in
  his country. As a result, foreigners, mostly
  Americans, owned a large share of Mexican oil
  wells, mines, railroads, and ranches.

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• While foreign investors and some Mexican
  landowners and politicians had grown rich, the
  common people of the country were desperately
  poor.

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• In 1911, Mexican peasants and workers led by
  Francisco Madero overthrew President Diaz and his
  government. Madero promised democratic reforms,
  but he proved unable to satisfy the conflicting
  demands of landowners, peasants, and factory
  workers, and the urban middle class.

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Francisco Madero
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• After two years, General Victoriano Huerta took
  over the government. Within days Madero was
  murdered.

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• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to
  recognize the new Huerta government. Wilson
  called it a government of butchers.

President Woodrow Wilson
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• President Wilson adopted a plan of watchful
  waiting, looking for an opportunity to act
  against General Huerta. The opportunity came in
  April 1914, when one of Huertas officers
  arrested a small group of American sailors in
  Tampico, on Mexicos eastern shore.

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• The Mexicans quickly released them and
  apologized, but Wilson used the incident as an
  excuse to intervene in Mexico and ordered U.S.
  Marines to occupy Veracruz, an important port. 18
  Americans and at least 200 Mexicans died during
  the invasion.

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• The incident brought the United States and Mexico
  close to war. Argentina, Brazil, and Chile (ABC
  Powers) stepped in to resolve the conflict.

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• It had been proposed that General Huerta step
  down and that U.S. troops withdraw without paying
  Mexico for damages. Mexico rejected the plan, and
  Wilson refused to recognize a government that had
  come to power as a result of violence.

General Huerta
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• In short time, the General Huertas government
  collapses, and Venustiano Carranza , a national
  leader, became president in 1915. President
  Wilson withdrew the U.S. troops and formally
  recognized the Carranza government.

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On American invention in Mexico -

• I think we have done a great wrong to these
  people Mexico instead of cutting out the sores
  with a clean, strong knife of warand
  occupationwe have only put our fingers in each
  festering wound and inflamed it further.
• Edith OShaughnessy, wife of an American
  diplomat
• in Mexico City

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• President Carranza was in charge, but like others
  before him, he did not have the support of all
  Mexicans. Rebels under the leadership of
  Francisco Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
  opposed Carranzas government.

Villa Zapata
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Emiliano Zapata

• Zapata was a son of a mestizo peasant- was
  dedicated to land reform.

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Emiliano Zapata
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• It is better to die on your feet than live on
  your knees.

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• Pancho Villa, a fierce nationalist, had
  frequently courted the support an aid of the
  United States. When President Wilson recognized
  Carranzas government, Villa threatened reprisals
  against the United States.

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General Francisco Pancho Villa
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• In January 1916, Carranza invited American
  engineers to operate mines in northern Mexico.
  Before they reached the mines, Villas men took
  the Americans off a train and shot them.

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• Two months later, some of Villas followers
  raided Columbus, New Mexico, and killed 17
  Americans. Americans held Pancho Villa
  responsible.

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• With the American public demanding revenge,
  President Wilson ordered Brigadier General John
  J. Pershing and an expeditionary force of about
  15,000 soldiers into Mexico to capture Pancho
  Villa dead or alive.

General Pershing
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General Black Jack Pershing crossing the Rio
Grande River into Mexico
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• For almost a year, Villa eluded Pershings
  forces. Wilson then called out 150,000 National
  Guardsmen and stationed them along the Mexican
  border.

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• In the meantime, Mexicans grew angrier over the
  U.S. invasion of their land. In June 1916, U.S.
  troops clashed with Carranzas army, resulting in
  deaths on both sides.

President Carranza
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• The Zimmerman telegraph a secret message from
  the German government, promised to return
  territories to Mexico if they acted against the
  United States. Americans were outraged when the
  telegram appeared in the newspaper.

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.JPG
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• The Mexican Revolution put President Wilsons
  policy to the test.

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• Carranza demanded the withdrawal of U.S. troops,
  but President Wilson refused. War seemed
  imminent. However in the end, both sides backed
  down.

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• The United States, facing war in Europe, needed
  peace on its southern border. In February 1917,
  Wilson ordered Pershing to return home.

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• Pancho Villa was never captured by the U.S.
  military.

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General Pershing Pancho Villa before the chase
in 1914
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Panchos New Ride