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Mexican Revolution

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Title: Mexican Revolution


1
Mexican Revolution
2
Military Phase
3
Fall of Diaz
  • Causes
  • Economic recession / U.S. depression 1906-1907
  • Food crisis 1907-1910 (crop failures)
  • Workers strikes
  • 1906 Consolidated Copper Mine
  • 1907 Textile workers
  • Agitation of middle class reformers
  • Dissatisfaction of some large landholders /
    capitalists (Madero)

4
Francisco Madero
5
Francisco Madero
  • Leading critic of Diaz political machine
  • Family was part of elite social class with
    political and economic ties to Diaz
  • Agreed with Diaz liberal economic policies but
    wanted liberal political movement
  • Insisted 1910 V.P. candidate come from outside
    Diaz clique
  • Ran for president in 1910 when Diaz ignored V.P.
    request

6
Francisco Madero cont.
  • Ran under Anti-Reelectionist Party ticket
  • Diaz jailed over 5000 supporters and Madero
    himself just before election
  • Plan of San Luis Potosi

7
Plan of San Luis Potosi
  • Written by Madero while in jail
  • Published once he was in Texas
  • Provisions
  • Declared that 1910 elections were null and void
  • Madero assumed title of Provisional President
  • Called for free elections when conditions
    permitted

8
Supporters
9
Pancho Villa - north
10
Venustiano Carranza - north
11
Emiliano Zapata - south
12
Alvaro Obregon - north
13
Pasqual Orozco - north
14
Treaty of Ciudad Juarez
  • Issued after capture of Juarez
  • Diaz flees
  • Provisions
  • Ended hostilities
  • Resignation of Diaz
  • Placed Francisco de la Berra in as provisional
    president

15
Madero takes power
  • Madero elected in 1912
  • Quickly is at odds with Zapata over land reform
  • Plan of Ayala announced by Zapata
  • Bernardo Reyes (Diaz aide) Felix Diaz (nephew)
    attempt revolt
  • Madero cant deal with the many decisions, at the
    mercy of aides (Huerta is commander of military)

16
Emiliano Zapata
  • Agrarian Revolutionary
  • Slogan of Tierra y Libertad
  • Leader of landless peasants
  • Called for return of land that had been taken
    during land concentration of Diaz
  • Quickly became disillusioned with Madero

17
Plan de Ayala
  • All foreign owned lands would be seized
  • All lands previously taken from villages would be
    returned (ejidos)
  • 1/3 of all land held by friendly hacendados
    taken for redistribution
  • All lands owned by enemies of Zapata movement
    would be taken

18
Maderos Fall
  • Coup led by Victoriano Huerta aided by American
    ambassador Henry Lane Wilson
  • Revolt aided by release of Reyes and Felix Diaz
    (bombard Mexico City)
  • La Decena Tragica
  • Madero is killed February 1913
  • Huerta assumes control

19
Victoriano Huerta
  • Served as General for Diaz
  • Never recognized by Woodrow Wilson due to method
    of gaining power
  • Henry Lane Wilson is recalled
  • U.S. aids Huertas opponents
  • Wanted to reestablish a form of Diaz regime
  • Could never gain full control

20
U.S. Intervention
  • U.S. continually opposes Huerta regime
  • Tampico incident
  • Veracruz occupation
  • Other Mexican leaders reacted against U.S.
    actions (we were expecting their support)
  • Huerta had to pull troops away from Revolution to
    Veracruz, leaves him vulnerable

21
Huertas Fall
  • Blames U.S.
  • Forced into exile by Zapatistas, Pancho Villa,
    Carranza and U.S.
  • Later attempts revolt from U.S. and is arrested
    and jailed

22
Pancho Villa
  • Also agrarian revolutionary with different land
    reform plan
  • All land confiscated would be used for revolution
    by government and distributed after revolution
    ends
  • Supporters were small ranchers, cowboys and other
    unemployed
  • Created well equiped and well paid professional
    army
  • Most formidable of Carranzas military opponents

23
Venustiano Carranza
  • Governor of state of Coahuila
  • Dissident member of landowning elite
  • Believed Mexico needed energetic middle class
  • Huertas most dangerous enemy
  • Issues Plan de Guadalupe (March 1913) to counter
    Plan de Ayala
  • Took control of Mexico City in July 1914

24
Plan de Guadalupe
  • Carranza assumed leadership of rebellion against
    Huerta
  • Declared Huertas claim to power to be
    illegitimate
  • Delcared himself First Chief of the
    Constitutionalist Army
  • Followed by edicts stating (Obregon)
  • restoration of ejidos and establishing national
    agrarian commision
  • called for improved conditions of poor

25
Aguascaliente Convention
  • Convention of Zapatas, Villas and Carranzas
    supporters
  • Carranza moves to Veracruz for safety
  • Villas troops take control of convention hall
  • Villas suicide statement
  • Adopts Plan de Ayala
  • Conventionists v. Constitutionalists

26
Carranza consolidates power
  • Chaos during this period
  • Obregon defeats Villa with Villa returning to the
    north and Zapata continuing to attack in the
    south
  • Carranza moves to Mexico City
  • Call for a constitutional convention in 1916
  • Constitutional convention takes place in 1917

27
U.S. Expedition
  • Pancho Villa, reacting to embargo, raids
    Columbus, NM
  • Woodrow Wilson sends General Pershing into Mexico
    to capture and punish Villa
  • Carranza opposes action, sees this as a "foreign
    invasion" of Mexico
  • Expedition is unsuccessful and finally recalled

28
Constitutional Convention
  • Call for a constitutional convention in 1916
  • Convention takes place in 1917
  • Carranza presents draft of recommendations that
    show little social change, no agrarian reform and
    limited regard for labor
  • Control of Convention taken by radicals

29
Constitution of 1917
  • Final document was more liberal than Carranza had
    intended
  • Major clauses
  • Article 3 - Secular education
  • Article 27 - Land reform
  • Article 123 - Labor reform
  • Article 130 - Restrictions on Church

30
Article 3
  • Compulsory elementary education
  • Public education will be free
  • Prohibited religion from having any influence in
    public education

31
Article 27
  • Nation is the original owner of all lands, waters
    and subsoil
  • State could expropriate with compensation
  • All acts passed since the Land Law of 1856
    transferring ownership of the ejidos was null and
    void

32
Article 123
  • 8 hour work day
  • Prohibited child labor
  • Equal pay for equal work
  • Wages must be paid in legal tender not goods,
    tokens or vouchers (end the tienda de raya)
  • Right to bargain collectively, organize and strike

33
Article 130
  • Nation can not create law establishing religion
  • Marriage was a civil contract
  • Only individuals born in Mexico can be
    "ministers"
  • Limited property ownership by church

34
Carranza's final years
  • Moved to the right
  • Did not fully implement the Constitution
  • Received de jure recognition from the U.S.
  • Remained neutral in World War I
  • Zimmerman Telegram
  • Announced that Article 27 was retroactive (U.S.
    very upset)

35
Carranza's Fall
  • Carranza's term ends in 1920
  • He supports Ignacio Bonillas (ambassador to the
    U.S.) who he could control
  • Obregon comes out of retirement to run
  • Carranza attempts to manipulate electoral process
    in favor of Bonillas
  • Obregon and Adolfo de la Huerta led revolt to
    oust Carranza

36
Carranza's Fall (cont)
  • Carranza loads train full of bullion and heads
    for Veracruz
  • Train is attacked
  • Carranza excapes to mountains but is trapped and
    murdered there
  • Adolfo de la Huerta is named interim president

37
Reform Phase
38
Obregon's presidency
  • Elected to office in special election, assumes
    control in November 1920
  • Pragmatic business approach to government
  • Sought accomodation with all groups except
    reactionary clergy and landlords
  • Modern version of "pan o palo

39
Obregon's Policies
  • Land reform
  • Labor
  • Education
  • Indigenismo
  • U.S. relationship

40
Land Reform
  • Agrarian reform was useful safety valve for
    peasant discontent
  • Created national agrarian commission which
    oversaw state commissions
  • Power to expropriate hacendado land for landless
    villages
  • Paid for with 20 year bonds
  • Reform proceeded slowly due to
  • Litigation by landlords

41
Land Reform (cont)
  • Armed resistance by landlords
  • Opposition by clergy
  • 3 million acres distributed
  • 320 million acres in hands of hacendados
  • Even with land, failure occurred as government
    did not provide seeds, tools, adequate credit or
    training

42
Labor
  • Encouraged labor to organize
  • Confederacion Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM) -
    labor union headed by Luis Morones
  • Ties to Samuel Gompers and the AFL in the United
    States
  • Semi-official status, supported by the government
  • Coopted by Obregon

43
Education
  • Jose Vasconcelos - Secretary of Education
  • Created new type of rural school, La Casa del
    Pueblo (The House of the People)
  • Designed to serve all of village
  • Three Rs, art, music, sports, theater,
    instruction in sanitation and agriculture
  • Idealistic but at times unprepared teachers
  • Itinerant teachers were sent to train those in
    the villages

44
Education (cont)
  • Murals on public buildings
  • Conflict between new secular schools and
    religious schools
  • Priest denounced secular education
  • Obregon did not enforce Article 3 of the
    Constitution (ban on religious primary schools)
  • In the absence of state resources better to be
    taught by priest than stay illiterate

45
Indigenismo
  • Reassessment of Indian cultural heritage, pushing
    the greatness of old Indian arts
  • Manuel Gamio - director of Office of Anthropology
    (1st in Americas)
  • Study of Teotihuacan
  • Preserve restore cultural heritage
  • Amass data for sound plan of economic and social
    recovery
  • Partisans of Revolution idealized Aztec Mexico

46
U.S. Relationship
  • Problem with retroactivity of Article 27 (Obregon
    will not openly state nonretroactivity)
  • U.S. withholds diplomatic recognition of the
    Obregon government
  • Obregon compromises
  • threat of counterrevolutionary coup against
    selection of Plutarco Calles as successor

47
U.S. Relationship (cont)
  • Bucareli Agreement - August 1923
  • Obregon confirms nonretroactivity
  • U.S. gives formal recognition to Obregon
    government
  • Coup attempt - December 1923
  • put down coup with military supplies purchased
    from the U.S.

48
Calles' Presidency
  • Dominates the next decade of Mexican politics
  • Continued on foundations of Obregon
  • Radical rhetoric - pragmatic policy

49
Plutarcos Elias Calles
50
Calles' Economic and Land Policies
  • Rapid growth of national capitalism
  • Creation of National Bank
  • strengthens fiscal/monetary policy
  • National Road Commission organized
  • National Electric Codes enacted
  • stimulates growth of construction and consumer
    goods industries

51
Calles' Economic and Land Policies (cont)
  • Aid given to industry (foreign and domestic)
  • protective tariffs
  • subsidies
  • Land reform
  • distribution increased from Obregon
  • over twice as much land distributed 8 million
    hectares
  • problems
  • Hacendados were able to choose the land they gave
    up, most of it was not arable
  • Calles did not provide tools or other items to
    make the land productive

52
Calles' Economic and Land Policies (cont
  • Government bank was created to lend money to
    ejidos
  • 4/5 of money went to the hacendados because of
    superior credit ratings
  • Land reform judged a failure because the grain
    production of 1930 was below the production of
    1910
  • Calles concluded peasant proprietorship was not
    economically desirable and ended land
    redistribution

53
Labor
  • Trade unions serve two purposes
  • keep growing power of capitalism in check
  • barricade in the event of attack on capitalists
  • Labor began to split from CROM form independent
    unions
  • disillusioned with corrupt leaders and low wages

54
Conflict with U.S.
  • Calles welcomed foreign capital but believed that
    Mexico had the right to regulate the conditions
    surrounding it
  • 1925 dispute over land ownership

55
Conflict with U.S. (cont.)
  • Mexican Congress passes laws implementing Article
    27
  • Oil ownership becomes a lease arrangement
  • exchange title for 50 year concession (lease
    agreement)
  • possible 30 year renewal
  • possible further extension

56
  • Mexican view
  • Eliminated vagueness and gave oil companies firm
    titles. Stopped calls for outright
    nationalization of oil

57
  • Oil Company view
  • Law was confiscatory, they threatened to drill
    without confirming concessions

58
Conflict with U.S. (cont.)
  • American hardliners were "saber rattling"
  • American ambassador "there is little white blood
    in Calle's government"
  • Secretary of State Kellog stated that there were
    "Bolshevik aims in Mexico and Latin America"

59
Conflict with U.S. (cont.)
  • Intervention was stopped by arguments from
  • progressive senators
  • press, church, academic groups
  • realization that war with Mexico would have
    little national support

60
Conflict with U.S. (cont.)
  • Dwight Morrow appointed Ambassador to Mexico
  • Negotiated an understanding with Calles
    concerning the time limitation on concessions
  • Mexican Supreme Court ruled that aspect of the
    law unconstitutional
  • Crisis was averted
  • Law still provided for confirmatory concessions
    and reaffirmed national ownership of the subsoil

61
Religious Conflict
  • Church v. modernizing thrust of the Revolution
  • January 1926 the church heirarchy disavowed the
    Constitution
  • Calles enforces dormant anti-clerical clauses of
    the Constitution
  • Calles law
  • registration of priests
  • closing of all religious primary schools

62
Religious Conflict
  • Church suspended all services in Mexico and
    boycotted all goods except necessities
  • Militant Catholics took up arms - Cristeros
    (Catholic guerrillas)
  • government schools and young teachers were
    targets
  • government repression was severe

63
Presidential Election 1928
  • Deal between Calles and Obregon
  • supporters in Congress change the Constitution to
    allow former presidents to be reelected after one
    term
  • term was extended from 4 to 6 years

64
Presidential Election 1928 (cont.)
  • Two opponents for the office conspire against
    Obregon and Calles
  • Calles has them arrested and shot
  • Obregon is elected, then three weeks later he is
    assassinated by a fanatical Cristero in Mexico
    City

65
Calles - "El jefe maximo"
  • Calles places three different men in the office
    of president to fulfill Obregon's term but he is
    the power behind the office. Each one resigns
    after displeasing "el jefe"
  • Military uprising is crushed in 1929, the "last
    hurrah" of the military caudillos

66
National Revolutionary Party (PNR)
  • Calles institutionalizes the rule of the
    "revolutionary family" (military and political
    leaders since 1920)
  • Under different names this party has been ruling
    Mexico since 1929.
  • Their official presidential candidate had never
    lost until the election of Vincente Fox, the
    present president of Mexico.

67
National Revolutionary Party (PNR)
  • After consolidating power the "revolutionary
    family" turns conservative
  • shift concides with beginning of the Great
    Depression
  • By 1933 a progressive wing of PNR emerges with
    General Lazaro Cardenas as leader of the
    reformers
  • has been a part of the inner circle of the party
  • 1930 was named Party Chairmen

68
National Revolutionary Party (PNR)
  • 1934 elections Cardenas is nominated by the Party
    ( with Calles blessing) for the presidency
  • seen as a concession to reformers in the party
  • Calles thought he would remain loyal
  • cabinet was hand picked by Calles

69
Lazaro Cardenas
70
Cardenas' Programs
  • Established a Six Year Plan
  • Mexican Revolution continues under Cardenas
  • Established a spirit of service in the
    bureaucracy
  • Closed down the gambling houses
  • Cut his own salary in 1/2

71
Agrarian Reform
  • Land distribution on large scale
  • Ejido was the focal point of agrarian reform
  • land given to both the ejido (communal) and the
    rancho (individual land)
  • where appropriate large collective farms were
    established
  • government provided seeds, machinery and credit

72
Agrarian Reform (cont.)
  • 45 million acres of land distributed
  • productivity was increased
  • Structural defects of reforms
  • conceived to satisfy land hunger instead of real
    agricultural development
  • ejidal parcel was very small
  • land distributed was often of poor quality
  • technical assistance was often inadequate

73
Labor Reform
  • Corrupts leaders are removed
  • Confederacion de Trobajadores Mexicanos (CTM)
    replaces CROM
  • Strikes supported by government (where
    appropriate)

74
Fall of Calles
  • All of these actions angered Calles, he begin to
    plot against Cardenas
  • Cardenas calls for the resignation of the cabinet
    and forms and new Anti - Calles cabinet
  • By 1935 Cardenas is the master of Mexico.
  • 1936 Calles is deported for "plotting against the
    government"

75
PRM - Party of the Mexican Revolution
  • Cardenas reorganized and purged the party of
    Calles influence.
  • It emerges as the PRM
  • The three pillars of this party are labor, the
    peasantry and the army.

76
Oil Crisis
  • American and British oil companies v. workers
    unions
  • Strike leads to arbitration
  • Arbitration finding is scaled down from original
    union demands but the companies refuse to settle
  • March 18, 1938 Cardenas nationalized the oil
    companies

77
Oil Crisis (cont.)
  • Economic Independence
  • Action was not a precedent, 90 of mining was
    still in foreign hands
  • U.S. took no strong action due to
  • Good Neighbor Policy being in effect under
    Franklin Roosevelt
  • Ambassador to Mexico understood Cardenas policy
    and reasons

78
Oil Crisis (cont.)
  • Timing of the move was also fortunate
  • War in Europe was looming
  • Cardenas announced Mexico would pay all just
    claims

79
Cardenas Presidency was the highwater mark for
the reform movement
80
In 1940 election, Avila Camancho, loyal to
Cardenas but more conservative, was elected
president
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