Chapter Nineteen

1
Chapter Nineteen

• Earth, Moon, and Sun

2
19-1 Earth in Space

• The study of the moon, stars, and all objects in
  space is called astronomy.
• The imaginary line that passes through Earths
  center and North-South poles is called Earths
  axis.
• Earths rotation on its axis causes day and
  night. It takes Earth 24 hours to rotate once on
  its axis.

3
19-1

• Earth completes one revolution, around the sun
  once every year. It takes 365 ½ days and 12 moon
  cycles.
• Sunlight hits Earths surface at an angle this
  is why it is warmer by equator than at the poles.

4
19-1

• Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as
  it moves around the sun.
• When the north end of Earths axis is tilted
  toward the sun, the Northern Hemisphere has
  summer and the Southern Hemisphere has winter.
  The hemisphere tilted toward the sun has more
  daylight hours.

5
19-2 Tides, Eclipses and Phases

• The positions of the moon, Earth, and the sun
  causes the phases of the moon, eclipses, and
  tides.
• The moon revolves around Earth every 27.3 days.
  The moon rotates on its own axis every 27.3 days.
  The same side of the moon always faces Earth.
• The different shapes of the moon are called
  phases. The phases of the moon you see depends
  on the sunlit side of the moon facing Earth.
• The Dark Side of the Moon

6
Phases of the Moon
7
19-2 Eclipses

• When the moons shadow hits Earth or Earths
  shadow hits the moon, an eclipse occurs.
• A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes
  between Earth and the sun, blocking the sunlight
  from hitting Earth.
• A lunar eclipse occurs at full moon, when Earth
  is directly between the moon and sun.

8
Solar Eclipse
9
Lunar Eclipse
10
19-2

• The darkest part of the moons shadow is called
  umbra the moon completely blocks light from the
  sun. (Solar eclipse).

11
19-2

• Lighter and larger is Penumbra this is a
  partial eclipse because the sun is still visible.
• 1998 September 6 Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Images
  and Animation http//www.netspeed.com.au/minnah/U3
  A1998/Penumbral.html

12
The Moons Shadow
13
19-2 Tides

• The rise and fall of the oceans water every 12.5
  hours or so is called a tide.
• The force of gravity pulls the moon and Earth
  toward each other.
• Tides mainly occur because of differences in how
  much the moon pulls on different parts of the
  Earth.

14
19-2

• As Earth rotates, the moons gravity pulls water
  toward the point on Earths surface closest to
  the moon.

15
19-3 Rockets and Satellites

• A rocket moves forward when gases expelled from
  the rear of the rocket push it in the opposite
  direction.
• Fueling a rocket
• Multi-stage rocket at each stage, or section,
  the rocket uses up its fuel, and the empty fuel
  container drops off and the next stage ignites.
  This helps to send rockets further into space.

16
Multi-Stage Rocket
17
19-3 Satellites

• A satellite is any natural or artificial object
  that revolves around an object in space.
• The Soviet Union launched the first satellite to
  orbit Earth Sputnik 1 1957.
• In 1961, Yuri Gagarin, from the Soviet Union, was
  the first person in space he orbited the Earth.
• Satellites are used for
• Communication
• Navigation
• Weather data
• Research

18
Satellite
19
Satellite Dish
20
19-3 Satellites

• Satellite dish some satellites move in geo
  synchronous orbits, they revolve around Earth at
  the same rate that Earth does. These satellites
  broadcast and relay television signals.
  Satellites are used for communication for cell
  phones.
• NASA National Aeronautics Space Administration
• Developed reusable space shuttles. These are
  called shuttles because they move back and forth
  or shuttle between Earth and space.

21
19-4 Earths Moon

• The Collision Theory About 4.5 billion years
  ago, an object about as large Mars hit Earth.
• Material from the object and from Earths outer
  layers was thrown into orbit around Earth,
  eventually, that material formed the moon.

22
19-4 The Moons Features

• Galileo made his own telescope by putting two
  lenses in a wooden tube. He saw the moon in more
  detail than anyone. Features include
• Craters covers much of the moons surface.
  Craters are round pits formed by impacts from
  rock from space.
• Maria dark, flat parts on the moons surface.
  Maria seas, these occurred from flooding
  molten rocks.
• Highlands.
• Surveyor was the first space craft to land on the
  moon.
• The Eagle, carried Neil Armstrong and Buzz
  Aldrin, to a flat region called the Sea of
  Tranquility.
• Neil Armstrong was the first person to step on
  the moon. He said, One small step for man,
  one giant leap for mankind.

23
The Moons Craters
24
Images made from the Maria of the Moon

• The Man on the Moon

25
Images made from the Maria of the Moon

• The Toad

26
Images made from the Maria of the Moon

• The Crab

27
Rotating Moon Animation

• http//www.solarviews.com/raw/moon/vmoon3.mpg

28
Apollo 11

• The crew of Apollo 11 Commander Neil A.
  Armstrong, Command Module pilot Michael Collins,
  Lunar Module pilot Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. May 1,
  1969.

29
Apollo 11

• This photo of Earthrise over the lunar horizon
  taken from the orbiting Command Module

30
"That's one small step for man, one giant leap
for mankind."
31
Apollo 11

• The footprints left by the astronauts in the Sea
  of Tranquility

32
US Flag on the Moon