Chapter 3 The Origins of Petroleum

1
Chapter 3 The Origins of Petroleum Natural
Gases and Source Rocks

• Section 1 ??????
• (Summary )
• Section 2 ?????????
• (Modern Concept for the Origins of Petroleum
  Natural gases )
• Section 3 ?????????-?????
• (Early origin theory and Immature-Initial
  Mature of Petroleum Natural gases )
• Section 4 ???????(About Inorganic Origin theory)
• Section 5 ??????????
• (The Origins of Natural Gases and Their
  Correlation Types)
• Section 6 ???(Source Rocks)
• Section 7 ????????
• (Geochemistry Contrast of Petroleum
  Natural gases )

2
Section 1 Summary
?????????????????????????????????????,??????,?
??????????????(????),???????????????(??)?????????,
??????????????,????????????????????
3
???????,??????????,??????????????????????????,???
?? ??????,??????????,???????????????????????
??????????????????????,????????????????,??????????
????????????,????????????????????,????
????????????????????????????????????,???????(????)
???????????????????,?????????????
??,??????,???????????????????????????????????,????
??????????????????(two gropes of organic and
inorganic origins)?
4
Inorganic Origins of Petroleum In
the eighteen century,???????????(1763)???????????,
?????????????(turf)??????(??)????????????????,????
???(distillation)???????????????????????????????

5
In the nineteen century,the origin of
petroleum was interested abroad by scholars with
the naissance of modern petroleum industry
????????(inorganic origins)??????????????????????
?????(1876)???????,??????????????????????????????
?,??????????????????????????????,?????????????????
??????? 3FemCn4mH2O--mFe3O4C3nH8m
6
??????????????????????????(?????????)?
?????????????????????????,????????????????????????
?????????,????????????????,??????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????,??????????????????????(In
a word , inorganic origin theory was quite
popular in this period.)?
7
???????,?????????????????,???????????????????
??? 1863?,Lanrent???????????????????????,Waren
?Storrer?????????????????????????,??????(fatty
acid)????????(the primary source material)?
1866?,???Lesquereaux???????????????????????,??????
??????????? Enger?Heofer,?1888??,?????????????
?????????????,???????(??)????(Engler
Heofer,1909)?????????,????????????????????????????
?,???????24.4???????????14.6????,???????????????
????????? ??,????????????????????,????????????
???????????,?????????????,??????????????????????
????????????????,?????????????????????????????
8
The organic origin theory of
petroleum ???????????????????????,?????????
,?????????????????,???????????????,???????????????
?????(G.Potonie,1906)???,?????????????????????????
????????,??????????????,?????????????????????????,
??????????????????????????????????????????????(.?.
??????,1932)??,????????????,????????????,?????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
???,???????????????????,??????????????????????????
???
9
?????????????????????????????????????????,????
??????????Treibs(1934)????????????(porphyrin
compound)???????????????????????,???????(porphyrin
compound)??????????????,?????????????????????????
,??????????????? ????????????????????,????????
???????????,?????????12106t?,????0.01?????,????
????????????????????????,????,????????????????????
???????????????????(Eisma Jurg,1964Almon,1974),
???????????,??????????????????????????????????????
??????????????,?????????????????????(????),???????
?????,??????????????????????????????????
10
???????????????????????????,??????????????????
?????????,????????????????????????????????????,???
??????????????????(forepart and afternoon organic
origin of petroleum)?
11
Early and late organic origin of
petroleum ????????????????????,????????????????
???????????E.Orton(1888)??????????????????????????
???????????,??????????????????McCoyKeyte(1934)?Va
nTuylParker(1941)?Levorsen(1954)?Weeks(1961)?Hedb
erg(1964)?????????????????,???????????????????????
???? ???????????????????????,??????????????????
????????????????????????,?????????,???????????????
?????????????????????????????,???????,???????????
--????????(?.?.??????,1937)?
???(P.V.Smith,1954)????????,??????????????????????
???,??????????????????????????????????????????????
????????-?????????????????????
12
????????????,????,????????????,??????????????
????????Bray Evans(1961)?Cooper(1963)??,????????
????????????????,???????????????,?????????????????
????????????????,????????????????????????????(????
?)??,????????????????????????
13
????,??????????????,???????????????????????????
?,?????????????????????????,???????????????,??????
??????????????????,??????????????,????????????(Abe
lson ,1953Philippi,1965Tissot et al,1972)?
Pusey ?(1973)?????????,?????????????????,???????
????????????????????????????????????,???????????
???????????--???,????????????????????? Tisoot
Welte(1978)?Hunt(1979)?????????,????????????????
??,???????????????????????????????????,???????????
?????????????,???????????????????,?????????
14
????,?????????????????,???????????p??(1923)????
????????????????1939????????????????????,????????
????????,??????????????????????????????,?????????,
???????????????? ?????????????????????????????
???????????,????????????????????????????????????,?
???????????????,????????????,????????????????,????
?(1991)??,???????,???????????,???????????,????????
?????????(??,1996)????????"???",????????????
15
Section 2 Modern Concept for the Origins of
Petroleum
Natural gases ?????????????????????????
?????????????????????????(primary material?rising
factors?evolution and source rocks)??????,????????
????????????????
??The primary source material
(?)?Evidences of organic origin
16
???????????????????,??????????????,????????????
??(geochemistry evidences)? 1.Nearly
all(more than 99)petroleum occurs in sedimentary
rocks of the earth.?????(1958)???,?????(petrolifer
ous basin)???????( organic carbon)???????????,????
???????????????,????????????????????? 2.The
fact that many crude oils have been found to
contain porphyrin pigments,???????????????(???????
??)??????????,???????????????????????(biomarker)??
???????,??????????????????
17
3.?????????????(trace element)????????(organic
material)??,????????(inorganic
material0???????,???????(carbon
isotope)????????(?????)?????????,?????????????????
??? 4.Optical activity is a property of most
petroleum???????????????????????????,?????????????
?????????????? 5.??????,??????????????????????
?????,???????????????????????????????????????
??,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????
???????????????????
18
(?)?The Nature of Organic Source Material
Organic matter that contains both soluble and
insoluble hydrocarbons that might be considered
as a potential source material for petroleum
occurs in a wide variety of both animals and
plants. ???????????,??????????????????????????
?????? 1.????? (lipids)
???????????????????????????????????(?????????)???
??,??????????????????????
19
?????????????,????????????????????????,???????
???????,??????????????????,????????????????
????????????????,????????????????????,???(fatty
acids)???????RCOOH-?RHCO2????RCOOH3H2-?RCH32H2O
??????? ????????????????,??????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????
20
2.?????(carbohydrates)
???????????????,?????(glucose sugars
C6H12O6)???(starches C6H10O5)????(celluloses
C6H10O5)???????(??????????),??????
??????,????????????????,?????,????????????????????
????????????????????????,??????,??????????????????
?????????????? ???????,??(coal)????????
21
3.??? (Proteins)
?????????????,???????????,???????50??????????????
???????????,??????????NH4????????,??????????(carbo
xyl)???????????????????????????????C1-C5???????,??
???,??????????????? ??????????????,?????????16
???????????????????????????????,?????????????????
??
22
4.???(lignose) ?????????,?????????
????,?????????????????????,???????(Lignose is an
important material of becoming coal,and also
natural gas.)????????????????????????????
23
???????????????????????????,???????,?????????????
?,??????????????????????????,?????????????????,???
??????????????,???????????????????????????????????
??????,???????????????,??????????????????????,????
??????????????????,????????????(In another
word,lipids is the number one of becoming
petroleum and natural gas.)?
24
The average element constitution and petroleum
and organic composition
25
The main organic composition of common content
in different organism (weight )
26
Organism outputs in sea basin
27
(?)The origin of the sedimentary organic matter
??????????????????????????????????????????,??
???????????????????????????????????????????
28
????????????????????????????????????????????
???(????????),??????????????,?????????????????????
?????,???????????????????????????????????????,????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????,????????????0.8???????????????????????,???
?????,?????,????????????????,?????????????,???????
?????
29
??????????????????????,???????????????????????
????????????????1-5???????,????????????????,??????
?????2-15mg/l?????????????????????,?????????70-90
????????????????,????????????????,???????????????,
????????,?????????????????????????????????????????
???????,???????????????,?????????????????,????????
???
30
(?)Kerogen in the sedimentary organic matter
??????????????,????????????????????,????????????
????????????,????????????????????????????,????????
??????,???(spore)???????(colophony)???(waxiness)??
???????,???????????????????????,??????????????????
???????????????????,??????????????
31
????????,???????????? ????????????????????????
???????????(Kerogen)?????????????????(Bitumen),??
???"????" ????????????S?N?O????????(???????)
?
32
Kerogen????????????70-90,????(?),????????????
? ??????,Kerogen??C?H?S?N?O????,???C??6
5-85,?H??4-8,????????CHON877102?
Kerogen???????????,???????,????????(???)??????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????,????????????
Kerogen?????????,???????????????????
33
The average component content in sedimentary
organism(ppm)
34
??????,Kerogen?????????????????????????????(
???????????????)??? Kerogen?????????????????
???,????????????????????,?????????????????????????
???????,??????????????????????
Kerogen??????????????????,????????,??????????,????
?????????
35
The big molecule structure in kerogen 1- ????2-
??3- ???4- ????A- ????B- ????
36
???(Kerogen)??????Grum Brown1912)???,??????????
???????????,????????????????,?????????????????????
???(?),?????????????,??????????????,??????????(???
?????)???(?????)????????,MAB???(???-??-????????)??
?????????MAB???????????S?N?O??????,????????????,??
?????????????????????,????????????????????????????
,?????????????????(Kerogen in rock is basic
headspring of becoming petroleum and natural gas)?
37
???????????? ,?????????????,??????????????,???????
???(????????)???(?????)????????,MAB???(???-??-????
????)???????????
Changes that occur with depth in the organic
components of shale from Paris basin(from
Tissot,1971)
38
??????????????????,????????1,000????????????????50
?(Hunt,1972TissotWelte,1978)?????,??????????????
,???????????????????????????????,????????
39
??The distributing ant type of organic matter
(?) Distributing and abundance of the
sedimentary organic matter
?????????????????,???????????????????????????????9
0??????????????????????????,???????10??,????????
?0.8-2?????????(???????)??????(organic
carbon)?????????????????????????????
40
??????????????????????? ??????????(the
output of organic matter)?????????????????,???????
??????????????????,?????????,??????????????????,?
????????????????????????????????????,?????????????
??? ?????????????(preserving condition of
origin organism)??????????????????????????????????
?,????????????,??????,?????????????????(??)???????
,????0.01-10???????????
41
???????????(accumulating velocity of
sedimentary)????????????????????,????????,????????
??,???????????????,??????????????????????,???????
??,??????????,???????????????,????????????,?????
??????,??????????????? ?????????(granularity
of sedimentary)???????????????,???????(1932)??????
?,?????,lt5µm?????????????5-50µm???2?,?50-250µm???4
??
42
???????(1950)?????????,????????0.77,???1.2,?
??1.8????????,?????????,??????,??????????????????
??????? ????????????????????????,?????????????
,?????????????????
43
????????????????(The distribution of
organism in sediment is quite unbalance)?
??(1963)????1,000????????????????????2.1,?????0,
29,???0.05?
44
(?)Type of organic matter
????????,?????????????????????(sapropel-type and
humic-type organism)??????????????????????????,???
??????????????????????????????????,?????????
??????????,?????????????????????????????,
????????????,??????????
45

• Chemical classification
•   
•  ??(1974)?H/C?O/C??????????????????
• ? KerogenH/C????,O/C????,????????????????
  ??,???????????????,?????????????,??????
  ? KerogenH/C????,O/C????,????????????????????????
  ?????????,?????????????,???????? ?
  KerogenH/C?O/C???????????,???????????????????????
  ????????.   

46
The map of the type and evolvement for
kerogrn( from Tissot,1974)
47
  ??????? ?????????????H???????,???????????
????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???
?O/C??????(gt0.25),H/C?????(0.5-0.6),??????????????
???,???????    
48
???????????????????????????,????????????????????
??????????????????,??????????A?,?????????B???????
??????,?????A??B???A??B?,????????????????    
????????????????????????????????????????????????
49
(No Transcript)
50
Types and properties of kerogen
51
2. Optical classification ???????????????????
???????????????????,??????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????,????????????,??
???????????????????????????????????,??????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????,??????
???????????????????,??????????????????????????????
??????????H/C??????-??-??-??????,?????????????
52
?????????25-50????????????????????????,?????????
???(exinite?vitrinite?inertinite)(????)???????????
??,??????????????????-??,?????????????????????-?
???,?????????????????????-???-???????,???????????
????????????????????????,?????????,???????,???
????,??????(?-?-?-?)? ??????????????????????????
??????????????,??????????????????
53
The classification of kerogen and its geological
meanings
54
??????????????????,?????????????
????,????????????????????,??????????????????????,?
???????????? ??????????????????????????
????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????
??????????????????????? ????,???????????????
,?????????(??)????????????(??),?????????????????
55
??Transformation of organic matter into petroleum
???????????????????????????????????????????????
??(bacteria)???(temperature)???(time)????(catalyze
r)?,?????????????????????? (?)Bacterial Action
??--??????????????????????????????????,?????????
????????????????????,?????,???????????????????????
?
56
??????????????????????,???????(?)??????,??????
????????,????????????????????,????140m????????????
??100??
57
Bacterial distribution in sediment




58
???,???????????????,??????????????????????????
(Ponamperuma,1972Claypool?Kaplan,1974Winfery??,1
981Reeburgh,1983)?????????????????????(aerobic
bacteria????(anaerobic)?????????????????
59
???????????????????????????
???????????????????H2O?CO2?????(sulphate)??(ammoni
um)????(phosphate)??????????,???????,????????????
????,???????????????????CH4?CO2?H2S?H2O???????????
??????????,????????????????????????,?????????,????
????????????????????????,??????????????????????,??
?????????????,????????????????????????
60
(?)Time ???????????,??????????????,???
????????????????,???????????????????,?????10?,???
????1-2???????????????????????????????10????????1?
?(????????1?),???120??????2500?????????,?110??????
????5000??,?100???????1???????????????????????????
?????,?????????????????50?,?????????60?,???????70?
,???????????93?,????????????115???????????,???????
??,???????,????(threshold temperature)????????????
???????????????????(?)?????????


61
???????,??????????,????????????,??????????-
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????(??????)?,????????,???
?????????????????????(??????)?,?????????,????????(
????)?
The connection of timetemperature in
thegeneration of oil(?Connan,1974,??Hunt,1979)1-
???????2-??????3-????????4-??????? 5-????????
6-?????????7-???????8-????????? 9-???????10-??
?????11-????????
62
?????-??????????????????(maturity)???,????
????(ground temperature grads)?????????(threshold
depth),???????????? ??????,??-????????????
?????????????????????????,????????????????????????
????????????,????????????????????,???????????????
??????????????????,?????????????????????????,?????
?????????????????????????????????,???????,???????
???,?????????????????????????????
63
????????????????????,????????????????????????,????
?????,?????,??????(?)?????????????????????,???????
?????????????????????????????????????????-????(TTI
)???????????????????????????????
64
???????????????????,??????????????,???????????
????????????????????????????????????????????,?????
?????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????
???????????????,????????????,?????????????????????
???,???????????????????????????????????????,??????
???,???????????,????900m,????????????,??????????,
???????????????(1,500m)?????????2?????????,???????
??????????,????????,?????????????????
65
(?)Temperature ??????????????????????
,?????????(?????????)?????????????????????????????
??????(R.Ishiwatari)?????????????(?)
?????????????????(?)?????,?????????
66
The heating result of insoluble organism in
current sea sediments



67
???????,???????,?????????,???????????????
68
???????????????,??????????????????????????
???????????????????????????100m??????(?)????????(g
eothermal grads)(?/100m)?????????????3?/100m,?????
?0.5-25?/100m????????????????2-5?/100m???
??????????????????????????????????????????????
???,?????????????????,??????????????(????)????????
?????????,??????????(??????)???????(???)??????,?
???????1,200-1,400m(????60?)????
69
??????????1,370m?(65?)?,?2, 200m(90?)?????,????
??,?3,000m(115?)???????????????,??????????????????
?
70
????????????????????(threshold
temperature)??????????????(threshold
depth)???????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? ??????,??????????50-120??????
?????????50?(1,250m)???67?(1,500m???93?(2,200m)?
?????????65?(1,370m)??????115?(3,660m)??????115?
(2,440m)????????????????????????????,?????????????
????????????????????,?????????
71
????,???????????????????????????????
???????????(????)???50?,?????????175??????????????
??????????????.
72
?????? ?????72?, ??????90?, ??????150??
the collection of C15 hydrocarbon formation and
temperature in granule carbonatite of Paris
Arkert basin (Le Tran,1972)
73
(?)???(catalyzer)
????????,???????????????????(??????)??????????????
?????????????????
74
??????????????????????,????????????????????
????????? ????????????????????,????????????
?(?)?????,????????????????????????????????,???????
?100??????????????,???????????1000?,??????????????
??????????(?) ?
75
The heat catalyzing result of oleic acid at 250?
    

76
The time is needed by thermal cracking and
catalytic cracking of n-cetane (from
Goldstein,1980)
77
(?)Others ????????????????????????????????
????????????,?????????????????????????????????????
????,?a-????????????CH4?CO2?H2???H2O???O2?H2?O2???
???????CO2,H2?????????CO2????CH4?CH4?a-?????????C2
H6,?????????????????????????????????????????,?????
?????0.001,????1??,????????????18104t?????????
????????
78
??,????????,?????????????,????????????????????
???,??????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ??,????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????,???????????????
????????????????,????????????????????,?????,??????
?????????????,?????????????????????????
79
??Diagenetic evolvement of organism and stages of
oil gas generation ????????????????,?????
????????(?),??????????????????????????????????????
????????????,???????????? ????????????????????
?????????????????????????,????????????????????????
??????,???????????????????????????????(???????????
?????)???????????????????????????????????????????
80
Diagenetic evolvement of organism
81
(?)Diageneticimmature stages
?????????????,???????????
????,?????????????????????,??????????????????????,
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????CO2?CH4?NH3?H2S?H2O????????????
??????,?????????????????????,????????????????????
???????????????????????????????,????????????,?????
?????????????????????????????
???????????,?????????,???????,???????????????????,
??????????????????(?)???????????????,?????????????
???????????????????????,??????????
82
The sketch map of formation process from
life-form to kerogen
83
?????????????????????????4????????89?????,
???????,?????????????,?????????????????
????,?????????4-75?,????????????,????????????(???,
1990)?????????????,??????????????????????????,????
?????????????????????????????????????????????(???
??)(????????,1997)?
84
CH4
Section showing biochemical environment of
microbe metabolism about the sediments
containing ample organic matter in open sea (from
Rice Claypool,1981)
85
????????????????????????????????????????????,?????
?????????????????????????????,???????????????????(
??????)?????CO2?N2?H2?????????????????,???????????
??
Analysed result of recent sediments samples in
the Swan island of Mexico gulf
86
???????,?????????11,800-14,6001,400?,?????
?????????,?????????????????(????????????????)?????
???????
87
1-CO2H2O 2-? 3-?? 4-?? 5-?????
6-??????????? 7-???????? 8-????????
????????????
Changes of different organic matters with
depth(from B.Durand,1980)
88
??????????(??? ?????????)????????,????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??,??C3-14?????,??C4-8???????????????50???
??????????C25????????,????????????,??????????????(
?)???/nC17???/nC18??????1.0?
?????,?????????????(??????),????????????
???????????????,?????????????????????
??????,?????????????????2-10??????,?????????????
89
J.E.???E.E.??(1962,1963)?????????????????????
?????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????,?????????????????
?????????????????????????,????????????????????????
?????????
90
N-paraffins distribution of recent?ancient
sediments and crude oil
Fatty acid distribution of recent?ancient
sediments and water in oil
91
(?)Deep diageneticmature stages
??????,????????????????????????????????,??????????
?????????????????????,???????????????????
??????,?????????????????????????????,?C-O?C-S?,?
??C-C??????????,??H2O?CO2?CH4?N2?NH3?H2S??????,???
???????????????????(????),???????,??????????(extra
ct organic matter)?
92
????(???????)?????????????????????????????
????,?????80-95?????????????????????????????????
?????????,???????????????,???????????    ?????????
?????????,???????????????????,???????????????????
????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????
??????????,??????????????????????/nC17???/nC18???
??????1.0(?)???????????????,??????(??????????)????
?
93
Normal pattern of hydrocarbon formation by way of
the function that source rocks buried (from
Tissot etc.,1974)
94
Changes of paraffins components and structure
with buried depth in the Xatoer shale of Paris
basin A-???????? B-???????? C-????????C18???C17?
??????Jo,Va,An,Ce,Es,Do,Bo???????
95
?????????????????????(Pusey,1973)???,????
?????????65.6-148.9????????????,?????????????,???
????????????????--?????????????????(liquid
window)(?)?
96
1-???????? 2-??????,?? 3-??,????? 4-????,???
5-?????,??-???? 6-?????,?? 7-?????,???
8-??????,??? 9-????,????? 10-???,27???
11-????????? 12-???,??????    
Concept of liquid window'
97
Changes of organism content with depth in
Xatoer shale ( from Tissot etc.,1971)
98
(?)Quasi-metamorphic----post-mature stages
???????????????????????????????????,?????????,??
??????????????????,????H/C????????,?????????
???,???H/C??????0.45,?????????0.3,???????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????,??
??????
99
????????????,???????????????????????????????
????????????????????,???????????????????????
?????,C1-3???17,C4-14???9????40 ???????
???82,???91,???60,??????????1????????????????
????,????????????????????,???60-150???????????????
?????????????????????????????
100
Stages of organism mature evolution
101
??Geologic environment of oil and gas formation
???????????????????????????????????,??????????
?????????????????,???????????????
??????,??????????????,???????????????????????????
,????????????????????????????????,????????????????
??????????????????????????,????????????????????
102
(?)Sediment geography environment
????????????????????????????,?????????????????,???
?????????????????????????????,???????????????????
????? ?????????????(?)???,??????,??????,?
?????,??????????????????,????,????,?????????,?????
????,????????????,??????????????????,???????????(?
?????),????,??????,??????,?????????????????,?????
??????????,??????????????????????????,?????????,
????????????
103
Section showing sea divided
104
????,??????,???????????????????????????,??
?????????????????????0.8,,??????1.04,???????????
????????????????????????,?????????????????????????
????,???????????????????????,??????????????????,??
?????????
105
?????????????????????????,???????????????
????????-???,???????????????????,?????????????????
??????????,??????,????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????,?????????
106
(?)Background of geodetic structure
????(?????)??????????,????????????????????????????
???????,?????????????????????????????????,???????
?????????????????,????????????????,???????????????
??????????????????????????????????,??????????????
?????????????????????????(????),??????????????????
???
107
????,?????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????,?????????????????????(?
???),????????????????????????????????????(??)??,??
???????????(??)???????????????,????(???)?????????
??????
108
???????????????????????,????????????????
????????????????????,????????????,???????????????,
???????????? ???,??????40103km3/Ma???,??
???,??????????????????65?40103-14103km3/Ma?,??
??,?32??1.5103-4103km3/Ma????1.5103km3/Ma?,??
???2?1?????????,????????,????????????
109
Section 3 early origin theory and
Immature-Initial Mature of Oil gas
????,????????????????????????????????????????,????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????,??????????????????????
110
??Geologic evidences of early organic theory
???????????????(geochemistry)??,?????????????
????????? (?)Oil distribution controlled by early
traps ???(H.H.Wilson,1990)???????????????????
????????????????????????,???????????,????????????
???,??????????????????????,?????????????????????6
00m???????(Adkins,1956),?????????????????????????
????????????????????,????????????,?????????,??????
????????(?????)???????1,000m??????????????????????
???????????????,????????,?????????,???????????????
???600m?,???????????????
111
(?)Differences of reservoir diagenesis inside and
outside pools ????,???????(??)????(??)????????
????Püchtbauer?Goldschmidt(1964)??????????????????
???,????????????????????????????????????,?????????
?????????????????????????????,????????????????????
???????????????????,???????????????(H.H.Wilson,199
0)???????????????????,???-????????????,????????38
???????18(D'Heur,1984)?????????????????,????????
?"?"????????????????????????????????
112
(?)Distortion of oil-water interface
????,???????????,?????????????????????????????????
?????,????????????,????????????-???,??????????????
????,?????????????????????,???-?????????????????
????,?????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????-????????
113




Section through north Colas-Leua oil field in
Sewia basin,California(from Hardoin,1963)
114
(?Hardoin,1963,???)????-????,??????,???????
???????,?????????????????????(?????)?????,????????
???????-???????,???????????????????(Hardoin,1963)?
??????????????????(H.H.Wilson,1990)?????,??-??????
????????????????
115
(?)Immature heavy oil tar and evidence of
early excluding hydrocarbon
??????,????????????????????????(Rodifer,1987)???,?
????????????????????????????????????????????????,?
???????????????????(????)????H.H.???(1990)??,?????
??????,????????????????????????-??????,?????"???",
?"???"????????????????????????????????????????????
??30-40m????(Price,1972)??????????????????????????
???"???",?????????1.351012?,?????????????Deroo?,1
977Masters,1984Welte?,1984Brooks?Macqueen,1987)
??????????????,????????????????,???????????????
116
???????????(Montgomery?,1974George?,1977
Samman?,1981Payzant?,1986Cornelius,1987),???????
????"??"??????Ells (1926)???????????"???"?????,???
????????,??????????????????????,??????????????????
?????????????????????????????Sproule(1938)????????
??????????,???????????,?????????????????????Ball(1
935)???,????????,??????????Allen??????????????????
??,?????????????????????????????,?????"???"?????35
(Mossop,1980Scott,1987)?????????????????????????
??(Corbett,1955)?
117
??Mechanism of early formation oil
????,?????????????,???????????????????????????????
?????????,???????????????????????????,????????????
?Mackenzie??(1982)??,?????????????????????????????
??????
118
?????????????????????????,?????????????????????
??,????????????????????????????,??????????????????
???????????????????????????,???????????,??????????
?????????????????????????????,????????????????????
?
119
???????????????????,??????????????????????????
?????????????H.H.Wilson,1990)?????????,???????????
???????(Ells,1926Carrigy,1971)?Deroo???????"???"
?????"?????"????????????????(H.H.Wilson,1990)?????
??????????????,???????????????????????????(H.H.Wil
son,1990)???????????????????????(???,1981)?
120
??About immature-low mature oil and gas
??????????????????????????,???????????????????????
??????-???????????????????Ro????0.2-0.7??,??????
?????????(?)?????? ?1963?Martin R
L?????8????40??????????????,?????????????????,??19
69??????????(DSDP)????????????????????????????????
?????????????????(Davis Brey,1969Mclver,1971,19
73),?????????????????????????????????(1996)???????
?????,??????????????19????(1999)????,??????????40?
??
121
Distribution of low-mature oil and gas resources
in the world
122
??????,??????????????,???????????????????????-
5,000m,????2,000m??? ?????????????????,???????
???????,???????????????????????,???????,????,????,
?????????????,??????,?????????????????Ro?0.3-0.7
? ?????????????,??????????????????????????????
?????????,?????0.75-0.96g/cm3??????????????????,??
??????????,???????????,?????????
123
????,????????????????,?????????????????????(???
?????)?????,?????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??,?????????????,??????????????????,???????????,??
???????????????????????????????????????,?????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????,????
?????????????????????????????????????????????(???
?????,1999)??????,??-????????????,???????????(????
????????)????????,???????????????? ?
124
Section 4 About Inorganic Origin Theory
????????,??????????????????,??????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????,?????????????e.?.?????????)???????
?,??????,??????,??????????????????????????????????
,???????????,??????????????????,??????????????????
?,?????????????,?????????????,????????????????,???
????
125
??Arguments ??????????????????,???????????
???????????? 1. ???????????????????,??????(?
?????????)???????????????????????-?????????
n CO2nH2-?(-CH)nnH2O
??????????600??/?? 2. ????????????????????????
???????????????
126
3. ???????????????????????????????????? 4.
?????????????????????????????????????????????,??
???????????????????????????????????????,??????????
?? 5. ????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? 6. ??????????????????????,????
?????????--???????????,????????????????
127
7.???????????????????,???????????107108t?????
??????????????1,000????,??????????????????????????
?,??????,?????????????? 8.?????????????????????
????????,????????????????????,??????????
128
??Formation mechanism of oil
???????,??????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????,??????????????????
????????,?????(?.?.?????????)??????????(?.?.?????)
???,???????????????????????????He?H2,?????????????
???????????????????(?.?.?????????)????????????????
,??????????????????????,???????????
129
???????????????????????????????????????????,
????????????????????,????????????????????????????
???,????????????????,??????????????????????????,??
????????????????????????????????????,???????????,?
?????????????????????????????????????(??????CO?CO2
?NH3?H2S?),??????????????????????,?????????,??????
????????,????????????????????????????,??????????,?
??N?S?O???????????????????????????
130
?????????,?????????,?????????????,????????????
??????????????CH?CH2?CH3?,??????,?????????????????
????,?????????????????????,??????????,????????????
???????????????????,?????????????,????????????????
??????????????????
131
????(1969)??,????????????????,????????????????
?-CH2???????????????,???????????,?????????????????
???????? ?????????????????????????????????????
??????????,???????????????????????????,??????????
?????????????????????????,??????????????????,?????
???????
132
????????????????????,????????????,???????????,?
????????????,???????????????????????????????????,?
???????????????????????,??????,?????????????????(?
??,1998)?????????????????????????????????500?????
?,????????2,??????????50???????????????????????
????????????????,???????????,????????,???????????
??????????????????,???????????????????????????????
????????????(P.A????,1993??????,1998)???????,????
??????????,?????????????
133
????,??????????????????,?????????????????????
???(?)??,??????????????????????????????
134
??About Dualism ??????????????????????,??????
??"???"???????????????,?????????????????????,?????
??????????????????.?.?????(1937),?.?.???????(1947)
,?.?.????(1948,1965),?.?.?????(1968),?.?.?????(198
1),?.?.????(1986,1991,1995)??????????,???????,????
,????????,??????,??????????????????.?.????(1994)??
?????,????????,???????????13108m3????????????????
??,?????????????????????????????????????????,?????
??????,?????????????????????(?.?.?????????,1995)??
???????????????????,??????????????????,??????????(
?.?.?????,1990)?
135
???????????????????????,???????????????????????
??????????,???????????????????????????????????????
-??????????????????,?????????????????H2?CH4?C2H6??
???????????????????????????????????????????,??????
???????????????????????????,??????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????,??????
????????????????????????????????????????????,????
????????????????????-????????,????????????,???????
?????(?)?
136
????-?????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????,????????????
????(??,1995)????????-????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????,???????????????????????
??--??,???????????????????????????????????????????
?????????,??????????????,???????-?????????????????
?????,????????????????????-????????????????-????-?
???,???????????????????????????????(??,1998)?
137
????????????????,????????-???????????????????????,
?????????-?-??????,????????????,?????????????????
????????????????,?????????????????-??????,???????
??????????????,??????????????????????(??,1990,199
1,1998)? ??????????,????Orton(1988)???,???????
???????????????????????????????????????????????(H.
H.Wilson,1990)??????????????,?????????????????????
????????????,???????????????????????(??,1990)?
138
Section 5 The Origins of Natural Gases and Their
Correlative Types
????????????????????????????????????,?????????????
??????????????,??????????????????????????????????,
??????????????????????
139
??Origin of natural gas (?)Summary for origin
of natural gas ??????????,??????????????
????????????????????????????(?????)??????????????
?????,????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????
140
Hunt(1979)???????????????????????
???(????)???????????????????????????????????????
Constituent origin of natural gas
141
(?)Organic origin of natural gas 1.
Organic matter of producing gas
????,???(??)???????????????????,??????,??????????
???(??)?????????,??????????
142
????????????,?????????????????????????,???????
???????????? ???????,??????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????,????????
???????????????????????????????????????,??????????
??????????????????????????,?????????????
143
2.Evolvement of organism producing hydrocarbon
and production mode of gas
????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???
???????????????(?) ?
Stages plot on evolvement of organism producing
hydrocarbon
144
???????????,???????????????????,?????????
????????????,???????????????,???????????????,?????
???????,????????????????????,?????????
???????????????,??????????,?????????,??????????,??
??,????????,?????????????????????,????????,??????
??????????,??????????,????????
?????????????,?????????,????????????,?????????????
??????????
145
3. Production gas ratio of organism evolution
??????????????????????,Hunt(1979)???
?????(??)?
146
Diagram of maturation about mixture
organism(from Hunt,1979)
147
?????????(???)????????????????????????,???????
????????,???????????,????,??????,???????????????(1
984)???????????????????????????????????(?)?
148
Weight rate between heaping gas and coal in
different stages of organic evolvement
 
149
??Origin types of natural gas
????????????????????????????
???????????,?????????????????(?????)?????????????
??? ???????????????????????????(???????)?????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????,????????????????????(?)?
150
??????????????????????????
Origin types of natural gas
151
(?)Microbial origin gas ?????????????????????
(microbe degradation)???(ferment)?????(combination
)????????????? 1. Biochemical process
of methane formation
152
??????????????(respiration)?????(zymosis)????????
??????????? ???????????,????????????????,??????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????,??????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????,?????????????,???
?????????
153
2. Formative mechanism and influence factors of
microbial origin gas ???????????????????????????
?????,?????????????????,????????????????????????,
?????????H2?CO2H2?CO2????????????CH4?????????????
??(??????????????????)????????,??????????????????
154
?????????????????????????????,?????????????????
??????????????????????pH????????????35-42?????
155
???????????????35-42?
Influence of temperature on formative quantities
of methane(from J.G.Zeikus M.R.Winfrey,1976)??
?????,????m?????????????30?
156

• ?????????????

3.Chemical components of microbial origin
gas ?????????????????????????? Chemical
components of microbial origin gases in the world

• (????,1989)

157
??????d13C1????-60(???-55?-58????)?-85??,?
???-90? ???????????,d13C1?????-45--50???????
???????d13C???-58--80?
158

4.Distribution of microbial origin
??????????????????????????????????

 

159
(?)Oil type gas
??????????(??????A????)????????,????????????
?????????,?????(??)???????????????????????????????
???,??????????????????????????? 1.
Formative mechanism ????????(1986)???,?????(??
?)???????????????


160
???????????????????,???Ro??????????????????
????????
The mode of forming hydrocarbon and evolvement
condition
161
??????????????,?????????????????????????,??????
?????????????????????????????(???)??????,H/C?????
?,????????(?)?????????????????H/C???????????????.
162
Relations between structure?changes of H/C rate
and formation hydrocarbon in the course of
thermal evolution on Kerogen(from Hunt,1979
163
???????(1984)??????????,???300?(??100h)??????
??,????? ?350??,???????,????,????,???????????
?350-400?,?????????,?????????????400???,???
???????,??600?????,??????????
800?(??8h)???????????????,??1,200??????????
164
???????????(??)???,?????? ?(1986)??????????,???
???????????????65?,?????????177?,???????????2.6???
?,????????192-230??????,460??????????????
165
???7?(???)??????????
1200????????????
166
2.Production ratio of gas that oil cracked to
be ????(1982)?????????,?????
C22H467H2O-15CH47CO ????????????1,082m3?
????????(1984)????????(??)??,?????????,???????700m
3???,?????600m3,???100m3(?)??????????,????????????
????,??????????700m3? ???????????????????,?????
????
167
Production ratio of cracking gas with 1 ton
crude oil in different temperature
168
3.Chemical components of oil type gas
???????????????????????????,???????(??????)???????
??????????????????????,????5??iC4/nC4???1???????
?????,????(lt2)?????????????????,?????????????????
????13C????,d13C1???????-55--40-45--30-35?
169
(?)Gas from coal(???) ??????(?????????????)????
??,??????,?????????????,??????????????????????????
?"?????????????????????????????"?????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????,???????????????????(???,1989)?
170
1.Origin organic matter of production coal and
its main evolution stage (1) Origin
organic matter of production coal
??????????????????????????????,???????????????????
???????,???????????????????????,?????????????????
?,???????????????,?????????,???????????????(??????
?????)????????????????????????,???????????????C27H
26O10,d13C??-24--26?
171
Element composition f main organic components in
plants
172
(2)Production coal evolution of organic matter
?????????,???????,????????????????????,?
???????????????,?????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????,??????????
?????
173
?.Stags of peat ??????????????,??????????,????
?????????????????????,????????????????????????????
????????,????????????????????????????????????? ???
??????????
174
?.Stage of coal
??????,????????????????????,??????????????????????
???,???????????????????????????????????????(diagen
esis)???????(metamorphics)???
175
??????????????????????(?????)???????????????,????
(??lt60-70?),????,?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????(CO2??)???????????????????-
-????????,?????,??????????????
176
?????????????,????????????,???????????,??????????
?? ??????????????????????,????????,?????????,?
??????????????(?????????????????),????????,???????
???(????????????)???(??????),???????(???????????)
,???????,?????,???????
177
2.Formation and production ratio of gas from
coal ??????????????????????? (1)Stage of
production gas in the course of production coal
???????,????????????????????????
178
Gas stages and relevant coal rank? RO value in
the course of production coal of humic organic
matter
???
179
First stage???--???????Rolt0.4????75?,????100??
?????lt1.5km,???gt2km???????????????????,?????????,
????CO2,CH4??????CH4???????????CO2?????,?????????
???10?
180
Second stage?????--??????Ro?0.4-0.6??????70-90
???????gt1.5-2km????????CO2??,??????,????,CO2????,
????????,??????CO2?????????????,??(C2)?????????(?
????)????,??(????)???????????????????
181
Third stage?????????Ro?0.6-1.7????90-190??
??????6km???????????????,???????CO2???????(????)??
?????? Fourth stage??????????Rogt1
.7????190-250?(????)???????????????,??????,????
?????? ??????,??????????,????????????????????
??,??????????????
182
Common mode about gas stages and production gas
in the course of production coal of humic organic
matter
183
(2)Production ratio of gas from coal
????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
?????????????? ?????(Rg)??????(???????)??????
???????(?)???????????????(??????)????(m3)?????????
?? ??????(Ra)?????(???????)????????????(?)????
?????????(m3)???????(Ra)?????????
?????(Rg)???????(Ra)??,????-??????????????????????
???????
184
Occurrence ratio of gas from coal(m3gas/t coal)
185
3. Chemical components ???????????????????
????????????????N2,???7-16????CO2,???5?????????
??????????????,??????????,??H2S????????,?????????1
3C ,?d13C????????13-14? ?????(1985)???,????
??????????d13C????????
186
Distribution of d13C value of methane?hexane?propa
ne from gas type coal in our country
187
Chemical and C stable isotope components in some
oil type gas field in the world
188
(?)Inorganic origin gas ???????,??????????????
?????????"?"???????????? Wclham and
Craig(1979)???????(EPR)??????????????,????????????
???????????????????????????,???????????,??????????
????(C2???0.5)??6,300m??????????????????5,000?,?
10?????1106m3?????????????????,????,?????????????
(Claypool and Kaplan 1974)????????????????????????
???????????????--???????????????????????????,?????
?????????????????d13C1?????,????????????????13C??(
????????13C???CO2?)???
189
??????????????,?French(1966)?Nordlie(1971)?Gerla
ch(1980)?Holloway(1981)???????????????????????,???
????????????????????????????????"??"????????????H2
O?CO2?SO2??????????????H2S?H2?CH4????????????????
?-?????????,??????????????CO2?H2O???
Stability of methane in the balance condition of
Fe-wustite buffering agent(from MacDonald,1982)
190
?????????????????????????????,????????????????
???(0.25-1??????),CH4?H2?CO?H2S????,??????????(Gia
rdini and Mctten,1981)H2O?CO2?SO2???????????????
??????(4-5???????),??H2O?CO2?SO2?????,????????????
?,???????-??????,CH4????????????????,CH4?????
????????????????????????,????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????H2O?C
O2??????CH4?H2??(?????,1989)??????????,??????????
???????????
191
????????????????????(????????)??????????????????
????????????,?????????????,????????????????????(?)
???????????
Identification symbol of gas pool about deep
source
192
(1)???????????????(?????),??????????????????????
(2)???d13C1??????,?-2--41??,??-15--35?????????
?d13C1?gt-20??????????????
(3)????????????????????????????,3He/4He????(1.371
0-6)????,???6-30?,?????????????????????????8??????
,???3He/4He(?)gt83He/4He(??)?????????????
?????????????,??????????(?)???????????????????????
???
193
??Origin of non-hydrocarbon gas
??????????????????????,?????????????????(?N2?CO2?H
2S?)?????????????????,????????????????
(?)Nitrogen of origin ?????????????????????
1.Nitrogen of organic origin
???????,???????????????,?????????,??????,?????????
????????????,????????NH3,?????????????NH3?????????
??,????N2?
194
??????????????(????????????),?????????????NH3?
N2??????,?????????????????????N2???CH4?1/10?
??N2??????CH4?,?????????????????????CH4??,N2??????
???????? 2. Nitrogen of magma origin
?????????????????N2???????????????????,???????????
? 3. Nitrogen of atmosphere origin
????????????????N2??????,???????????,?????????????
?????????????
195
(?)Origin of carbon dioxide
CO2???????????,???????????,?????? 1.
Carbon dioxide of organic origin
??????????,???????,?????????CO2??,CO2???????????,?
?????????,???CO2??????????????,???CO2???????Karwc
il(1969)???,?????????????????,1??????75?(???120-14
0?)CO2??????????????????,???CO2???????? 2.
Carbon dioxide of magma(volcano) origin
CO2??????????????????????????????,????????????????
???????,CO2??????????????????????CO2?????????,?2.1
-40.9,????????,???H2O?????
196
3. carbon dioxide of petrochemistry origin
???????CO2????????????????,??????????????????,????
??????????????????,???????? CaCO3-?CaOCO2?
CaMg(CO3)2-?CaOMgO2CO2?
CaCO3SiO2-?CaSiO3CO2? CaMg(CO3)2SiO2-?CaMgS
iO42CO2? ???????????,????710-940??
??CO2??????????????,????CO2?d13C????????d13C??????
????????CO2??????????????
197
(?)Origin of Sulfureted hydrogen
H2S????????????????,????????(?)???????????????????
???H2S????????H2S????????,????????????????????????
????????H2S?????? ?????????????????????????
????????????(??)???,????????????????????(?)?
198


Mode of natural gas concerned organic matter
evolution following depth change
(from Hunt,1979)
199
(?)Origin of hydrogen Nechaycva(1968)????????
??????,?15?????H2,??60?H2????1?H2?????,????0.9
,????6,????11?????????????????,?????????????
????????????,??????????????????,?????????????????
???,H2???????????????????????,??????300-320??????
???H2?
200
Section 6 Source Rocks
?????????????????,??????????(source rocks)?
?????????????????,?????????????????,????????,?????
?????????????????????????????,???????????????(J.M.
Hunt,1979)???????"????????????????????????????"???
???????,???????????????????????????,?????????????
??????????????????,????????????????????????????
201
??(B.P.Tissot,1978)????
??????????????????? ???????????????????
???????????????,??????????????????????????,???????
????????????? ???????,??????????????????
????????????????????????
202
??Amount of organic matter in source rocks
???????????????????????????????????
?????,??????(????)??????(????,???)????????????????
18,?????82???????????,???????C?H?O?N?S?????????,
??????,???????????????????????
203
??????????????????????????,????????????????????
?(?),?????????????,????????????????????
????????????,????????(?)?????H.M.Gechman,1962)????
?,346??????????????0.24?1066??????????????1.14?
204
Proportions of hydrocarbon in rocks ?Kerogen and
bitumen (from Tissot Welte,1978)
205
Organic carbon and C15 content of sediments
(from J.M.Hunt,1979
206
?????,??????????????????????????????(1980)?????
???????????????????(?),??????????????0.5?
?????????,???????0.4???????????????????????????,?
????????0.3,??0.1?
Relations between continental argillation source
rocks and organic carbon content in Chain
207
????????????????????????????????????,??????????
?????????????????????? ?????????????????????
???????????????????????????A?C15???,???????????
?ppm?????????????????????????????????????C15?????
C15??? ???????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????(?1??2)?????
????????????????????????????