PENDAHULUAN

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POKOK BAHASAN

1. PENDAHULUAN
2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME
4. PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME
5. GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME
6. BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME
7. PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME
8. INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME
9. PERANAN MIKROORGANISME

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
POKOK BAHASAN

1. PENDAHULUAN
2. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA
3. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI
4. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI
5. KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM
   TAKSONOMI
6. PERKIRAAN (ASSESSING) FILOGENI MIKROBA
7. DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME
8. BERGEYS MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY
9. GARIS BESAR FILOGENI DAN KERAGAMAN PROKARIOT
10. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

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POKOK BAHASAN

1. ARCHAEA
2. BACTERIA
3. FUNGI
4. ALGAE
5. PROTOZOA
6. VIRUS

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PROTOZOA

POKOK BAHASAN

1. PENDAHULUAN
2. DISTRIBUSI
3. NILAI PENTING
4. MORFOLOGI
5. NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME
6. ENCYSTMENT AND EXCYSTMENT
7. ORGANEL PERGERAKAN
8. REPRODUKSI
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENDAHULUAN

• Protozoa are a polyphyletic group of organisms
• Protozoa are unicellular, eucaryotic protists
  that are usually motile
• Protozoology is the study of protozoa
• Some protozoa are anaerobic (e.g., Trichonympha
  lives in the gut of termites)
• Most anaerobic protozoa do not have mitochondria
  or CYTOCHROMES, and have an INCOMPLETE TCA CYCLE
• Some anaerobic protozoa contain HYDROGENOSOMES -
  small membrane-delimited organelles containing a
  unique ELECTRON TRANSFER SYSTEM that uses protons
  as terminal electron acceptors to form molecular
  hydrogen

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. DISTSRIBUSI

• Primarily in moist habitats (because they lack a
  cell wall), including freshwater (ponds, streams,
  lakes) and marine (oceans)
• Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying
  organic matter
• Most are free living, free-living, critical
  members of plankton drifting organisms that form
  the basis of aquatic food chains
• Some are parasitic in plants and animals
• Very few are pathogens

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. NILAI PENTING

• Serve as an important link in food chains and
  food webs (zooplankton)
• Food chain-series of organisms, each feeding on
  the preceding one
• Food web-complex interlocking series of food
  chains
• Important in the study of biochemistry and
  molecular biology because they use the same
  metabolic pathways as multicellular eucaryotes
• Causative agents of some important diseases in
  humans and other animals

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. MORFOLOGI

• Protozoa have some unique features
• ECTOPLASM is the gelatinous cytoplasm just inside
  the plasma membrane it provides some rigidity
  and shape
• PELLICLE consists of the plasma membrane and the
  structures immediately beneath it
• ENDOPLASM is the more fluid cytoplasm in the
  interior of the cell
• Some have one nucleus, some have two or more
  identical nuclei, and some have two distinct
  types of nuclei
• The MACRONUCLEUS is associated with trophic
  activities and regenerative processes
• The MICRONUCLEUS controls reproductive activities
  by sequestering genetic material for exchange
  during reproduction
• VACUOLES are usually present
• CONTRACTILE VACUOLES are osmoregulatory
• PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES are sites of food digestion
• SECRETORY VACUOLES usually contain enzymes for
  specific functions, such as excystation

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. NUTRISI

• In holozoic nutrition, nutrients are acquired by
  PHAGOCYTOSIS some ciliates have a specialized
  structure, called a CYTOSOME, for phagocytosis
• In SAPROZOIC NUTRITION, nutrients are acquired by
  PINOCYTOSIS, DIFFUSION, or CARRIER-MEDIATED
  TRANSPORT (facilitated diffusion or active
  transport)

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. ENCYSTMENT AND EXCYSTMENT

• ENCYSTATION is the development of a resting stage
  structure called a cyst
• The cyst is a dormant form that has a wall and
  greatly reduced metabolic activity
• Functions of cysts
• Protect against adverse changes in the
  environment
• Function as sites for nuclear reorganization and
  cell division
• Serve as a means of transfer from one host to
  another for parasitic species
• EXCYSTATION is the escape of vegetative forms,
  called trophozoites, from the cyst it is usually
  triggered by a return to a favorable environment
  (e.g., such as entry into a new host for
  parasitic species)

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. ORGANEL PERGERAKAN

• A few protozoa are nonmotile
• Most use one of three major types of locomotory
  organelles
• Pseudopodia-cytoplasmic extensions
• CILIA-filamentous extensions (short)
• FLAGELLA-filamentous extensions (long)

flagellum.swf
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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. REPRODUKSI

• The most common method of ASEXUAL reproduction
  is
• BINARY FISSION, which involves mitosis followed
  by cytokinesis
• The most common type of SEXUAL reproduction is
• conjugation, an exchange of gametic nuclei
  between paired protozoa of complementary mating
  types

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

• The most accepted scheme classifies protozoa as a
  subkingdom of protists, containing SEVEN PHYLA
  classification is based primarily on types of
  nuclei, mode of reproduction, and mechanism of
  locomotion
• Recently, other schemes have been suggested
• CAVALIER-SMITH has proposed elevating the
  protozoa to the status of a kingdom with 18 phyla
  
• Molecular classification schemes suggest that the
  protozoa do not exist as an evolutionary taxon,
  but rather that the protozoa are polyphyletic

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

PHYLUM

1. SARCOMASTIGOPHORA
2. LABYRINTHOMORPHA
3. APICOMPLEXA
4. MICROSPORA
5. ACETOSPORA
6. MYXOZOA
7. CILIOPHORA

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA

• This phylum includes protists with
• a single type of nucleus and flagella or
  pseudopodia
• they reproduce asexually and sexually

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA (lanjutan)

• Subphylum MASTIGOPHORA
• contains both phytoflagellates (chloroplast-bearin
  g flagellates) and zooflagellates
• ZOOFLAGELLATES have the following
  characteristics
• Do not have chlorophyll are holozoic or
  saprozoic
• Asexual reproduction occurs by LONGITUDINAL
  BINARY FISSION sexual reproduction is known for
  a few species, and ENCYSTMENT is common
• One group, the kinetoplastids, has mitochondrial
  DNA in a special region called the KINETOPLAST
• Some are free living some are ENDOSYMBIOTIC
  (e.g., Trichonympha species in the intestines of
  termites
• Many are important HUMAN PARASITES (e.g.,
  Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia, and
  Trypanosoma brucei)

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA (lanjutan)

• Subphylum SARCODINA
• contains amoeboid organisms
• Found in aquatic and terrestrial habitats, where
  they take up nutrients by PHAGOCYTOSIS and
  PINOCYTOSIS
• Reproduction is usually by simple ASEXUAL BINARY
  FISSION some form CYSTS
• Some have a loose-fitting shell called a TEST
  (e.g., foraminiferans and radiolarians, which are
  primarily marine amoebae a few occur in fresh or
  brackish water)
• Some are ENDOSYMBIONTS and can be either
  commensals or parasites some are free-living,
  disease-causing amoebae

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

2) LABYRINTHOMORPHA

• PROTISTS with
• spindle-shaped or spherical, nonamoeboid,
  vegetative cells
• some move by gliding motion on mucous tracks
• Most members are marine organisms and are either
  SAPROZOIC or PARASITIC on algae

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

3) APICOMPLEXA

• Often called SPOROZOANS because they have a
  spore-forming stage in their life cycle lack
  locomotory organelles, except the male gametes
  and the zygotes (ookinetes)
• are either intra- or intercellular parasites
  having a characteristic structure called the
  APICAL COMPLEX
• APICAL COMPLEX - a unique arrangement of fibrils,
  tubules, vacuoles, and other organelles at one
  end of the cell
• One or two polar rings at the apical end
• CONOID-spirally arranged fibers adjacent to the
  polar rings
• SUBPELLICULAR MICROTUBULES radiate from the polar
  rings and probably serve as support elements
• RHOPTRIES extend to the plasma membrane and
  secrete their contents at the cell surface
  (probably aids in host cell penetration)
• MICROPORES take in nutrients

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

3) APICOMPLEXA (lanjutan)

• Have complex life cycles involving two different
  hosts (usually mammal and often a mosquito)
• Life cycle has both asexual and sexual phases and
  is characterized by an alternation of haploid and
  diploid generations
• At some point in the life cycle, they undergo
  schizogony, a rapid series of mitotic events
  producing a large number of small infective
  organisms through the formation of uninuclear
  buds
• Sexual reproduction involves the formation of a
  thick-walled oocyst after fertilization meiosis
  within this structure then produces haploid
  infective spores

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

3) APICOMPLEXA (lanjutan)

• This group includes some very important pathogens
  
• Plasmodium-malaria
• Cryptosporidium-cryptosporidiosis
• Toxoplasma-toxoplasmosis
• Eimeria-coccidiosis

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

4) MICROSPORA

• Obligately intracellular parasites lacking
  mitochondria and transmitted by a RESISTANT SPORE
  
• Several economically important pathogens of
  insects
• There has been increased interest in their use as
  BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL
• Recently, five genera have been implicated in
  human diseases in immunosuppressed patients
  (e.g., AIDS patients)

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

5) ACETOSPORA

• PARASITIC PROTISTS
• Spores that lack polar caps or polar filaments,
  parasitic in mollusks

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

6) MYXOZOA

• parasitic protists with resistant spores having
  one to six coiled polar filaments
• parasitic on freshwater and marine fish
• can cause a major economic problem in cultured
  salmon

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

7) CILIOPHORA

• The largest of the seven phyla these organisms
  are distinguished by the use of cilia as
  locomotory organelles
• Cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals
• Oblique stroke of cilia causes ciliates to rotate
  as they swim
• Can move forward or backward
• Numerous interesting morphological
  characteristics are observed slipper-shaped
  cells, stalked cells, tentacles, and threadlike
  darts called toxicysts

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA

7) CILIOPHORA

• Feeding behavior
• Food is captured by action of cilia around the
  buccal cavity food enters the cytostome and
  passes to phagocytic vacuoles that fuse with
  lysosomes, where digestion occurs
• After digestion the vacuoles fuse with a special
  region of the pellicle, called the cytoproct,
  which empties the cell's waste material to the
  outside4. Most have two types of nuclei
• Micronucleus-diploid functions in mitosis and
  meiosis
• Macronucleus-polyploid for some genes maintains
  routine cellular functions
• Asexual reproduction is by transverse binary
  fission sexual reproduction usually is by
  conjugation
• Most are free-living some are harmless
  commensals others are disease-causing parasites

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sekian ......
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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. PROTOZOA

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. MORFOLOGI

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1. ECTOPLASM
2. PELLICLE
3. ENDOPLASM
4. MACRONUCLEUS
5. MICRONUCLEUS
6. CONTRACTILE VACUOLES
7. PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES
8. SECRETORY VACUOLES

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2
3
CONTRACTILE VACUOLES are osmoregulatory
PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES are sites of food digestion
SECRETORY VACUOLES usually contain enzymes for
specific functions, such as excystation
The MICRONUCLEUS controls reproductive activities
by sequestering genetic material for exchange
during reproduction
ECTOPLASM is the gelatinous cytoplasm just inside
the plasma membrane it provides some rigidity
and shape
PELLICLE consists of the plasma membrane and the
structures immediately beneath it
The MACRONUCLEUS is associated with trophic
activities and regenerative processes
ENDOPLASM is the more fluid cytoplasm in the
interior of the cell
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Nuclear Division
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Nuclear Division
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Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division)

• Typically occurs simultaneously with telophase of
  mitosis
• In some algae and fungi, may be postponed or not
  occur at all
• Results in multinucleated cells called coenocytes

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Cytokinesis
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Schizogony

• Plasmodium, which causes malaria, reproduces
  asexually within red blood cells and liver cells
  by a special type of reproduction called
  schizogony
• Multiple mitoses form multinucleate schizont
• Cytokinesis occurs releasing numerous daughter
  cells called merozoites
• Classic fever and chills associated with release

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Schizogony
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Classification Eukaryotic Organisms

• Trouble classifying
• For us
• Protozoa
• Fungi
• Algea will skip
• Others Parasitic Helminths and Vectors

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Protozoa

• Diverse group defined by three characteristics
• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular
• Lack a cell wall
• With exception of apicomplexans, they are also
  motile by means of cilia, flagella, and/or
  pseudopodia
• Study is protozoology protozoologist

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Distribution of Protozoa

• Require moist environments because they lack a
  cell wall
• Most live worldwide in ponds, streams, lakes, and
  oceans critical members of plankton
  free-living, drifting organisms that form the
  basis of aquatic food chains
• Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying
  organic matter
• Very few are pathogens

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Morphology of Protozoa

• Characterized by great morphologic diversity
• Some have two nuclei (Paramecium)
• Macronucleus (50n) contains many copies of genome
  controls metabolism, growth, and sexual
  reproduction
• Micronucleus involved in genetic recombination,
  sexual reproduction, and regeneration of
  macronuclei

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Morphology of Protozoa
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Morphology of Protozoa

• Variety in number and kinds of mitochondria
• Some have contractile vacuoles
• All produce trophozoites motile feeding stage
  some produce cysts resting stage
• One trophozoite forms one cyst to allow
  intestinal protozoa to pass from one host to
  another and to survive harsh environments

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Protozoan Life Cycle
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Nutrition of Protozoa

• Most are chemoheterotrophic
• Obtain nutrients by phagocytizing bacteria,
  decaying organic matter, other protozoa, or the
  tissues of host
• Few absorb nutrients from surrounding water
• Dinoflagellates and euglenoids are photoautrophic

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Reproduction in Protozoa

• Most reproduce asexually only (binary fission or
  schizogony)
• Few also have sexual reproduction
• Some become gametocytes that fuse to form diploid
  zygote
• Some utilize a process called conjugation

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Conjugation in Paramecium
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Ciliates

• Plasmodium malaria
• Babesia anemia
• Toxoplasma - toxoplasmosis

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Dinoflagellates

• Pfiesteria neurotoxin, most potent poison when
  handled can cause memory loss, confusion,
  headache, respiratory difficulties, skin rash,
  muscle cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting
  possible estuary-associated syndrome (PEAS)

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Pfiesteria
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Amoebae

• Pseudopodia for movement
• Naegleria primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
• Acanthamoeba spp. amoebic encephalitis
• Entamoeba histolytica amoebic dysentery