Lab 10 Appendicular Skeleton and Articulations Lower Extremity Anatomy

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Lab 10 Appendicular Skeleton and Articulations
Lower Extremity Anatomy Movement
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Connective Tissue Layers in Skeletal Muscle
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• Tarsus
• In tetrapods, the tarsi are the cluster of
  bones in the foot between the tibia and fibula
  and the metatarsus. The bones of the tarsus do
  not belong to individual toes, whereas those of
  the metatarsus do. The joint between the tibia
  and fibula and the tarsus is called the ankle.
• Metatarsus-
• consists of the five long bones of the foot,
  which are numbered from the medial side (ossa
  metatarsalia I.-V.) each presents for
  examination a body and two extremities. These are
  analogous to the metacarpals of the hand.

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• In humans, cervical vertebrae (Vertebrae
  cervicales) are the smallest of the true
  vertebrae, and can be readily distinguished from
  those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the
  presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse
  process, through which passes the vertebral
  artery.
• In human anatomy, the clavicle or collar bone is
  classified as a long bone that makes up part of
  the shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle).
• In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of
  29 bones. Except for the mandible, all of the
  bones of the skull are joined together by
  sutures, rigid articulations permitting very
  little movement.

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• There are normally thirty-three (33) vertebrae in
  humans, including the five that are fused to form
  the sacrum (the others are separated by
  intervertebral discs) and the four coccygeal
  bones which form the tailbone. The upper three
  regions comprise the remaining 24, and are
  grouped under the names cervical (7 vertebrae),
  thoracic (12 vertebrae) and lumbar (5 vertebrae),
  according to the regions they occupy.

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Bone shapes

• The irregular bones are the vertebræ, sacrum,
  coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic,
  maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal
  concha, and hyoid.
• The long bones include the femurs, tibias, and
  fibulas of the legs, the humeri, radii, and ulnas
  of the arms, and the phalanges of the fingers and
  toes.
• Where a part of the skeleton is intended for
  strength and compactness combined with limited
  movement, it is constructed of a number of short
  bones, as in the carpus and tarsus.
• Flat Bones.Where the principal requirement is
  either extensive protection or the provision of
  broad surfaces for muscular attachment, the bones
  are expanded into broad, flat plates, as in the
  skull, the pelvis, sternum, rib cage, and the
  scapula.

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Cartilaginous joints

• In cartilaginous joints (also known as
  synchondroses) bones are connected entirely by
  cartilage. In comparison to synovial joints,
  cartilaginous joints allow only slight movement.
  Examples of cartilaginous joints are the pubic
  symphysis, the joints between the ribs and the
  sternum, and the cartilage connecting the growth
  regions of immature long bones. Another example
  is in the spinal column - the cartilaginous
  region between adjacent vertebrae. and are made
  of cartilage.

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Fibrous joints

• In fibrous joints bones are joined by tight and
  inflexible layers of dense connective tissue,
  consisting mainly of collagen fibers. In adults,
  these are not designed to allow any movement
  however, in children, fibrous joints have not
  solidified and are movable. Examples of fibrous
  joints are
• Cranial sutures, joining the bones of the
  cranium.
• Gomphoses, the joints between the roots of the
  teeth and their sockets (or alveoli)and in
  maxilla and mandible.g

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Synovial Joints

• Synovial joints can be further grouped by their
  shape, which controls the movement they allow.
• Ball and socket joints, such as the shoulder and
  hip joints. These allow a wide range of movement.
  
• Condyloid joints (or ellipsoid), such as the
  thumb. A condyloid joint is where two bones fit
  together with an odd shape (e.g. an ellipse), and
  one bone is concave, the other convex. Some
  classifications make a distinction between
  condyloid and ellipsoid joints.
• Saddle joints, such as at the thumb (between the
  metacarpal and carpal). Saddle joints, which
  resemble a saddle, permit the same movements as
  the condyloid joints.
• Hinge joints, such as the elbow (between the
  humerus and the ulna). These joints act like a
  door hinge, allowing flexion and extension in
  just one plane.
• Pivot joints, such as the elbow (between the
  radius and the ulna). This is where one bone
  rotates about another.
• Gliding joints, such as in the carpals of the
  wrist. These joints allow a wide variety of
  movement, but not much distance.
• Plane joints, such as the synovial joint between
  the ribs and vertebrae at the intraarticular
  ligament.

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• Functionally, they can be classified as
• synarthrosis - permit no movement.
• amphiarthrosis - permit little movement.
• diarthrosis - permit a variety of movements (e.g.
  flexion, adduction, pronation). Only synovial
  joints are diarthrodial.

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• In a condyloid joint (condyloid articulation,
  ellipsoidal joint) an ovoid articular surface, or
  condyle, is received into an elliptical cavity in
  such a manner as to permit of flexion, extension,
  adduction, abduction, and circumduction, but no
  axial rotation.
• The wrist-joint is an example of this form of
  articulation.

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Lower extremity Muscles and movements

• Muscle Atlas http//www.rad.washington.edu/atlas2/
  addlongus.html