???Plantago Seed

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????

• ???????

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???Plantago Seed

• ??- ????,??(Plantago psyllium)?????????
• ???
• P. psyllium? P. indica (?P. arenaria Waldstein et
  Kitaibel)???????????
• P. ovate Forskal???????(blonde plantago)??????
• ??- ????????????
• ??-?????, ??????????

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• ??-P. psyllium?????????????????,????????????????,?
  ?????????
• ???,????????????,???????3/4,???????????????,??????
  ?,????????????????????????????
• ???,??????????????????P. ovata,???????????????????
  ?? (psyllium husk) ,????????????????????????

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• ??-
• 1030??????????????????????????????????????????,?
  ??L-arabinose,D-galactose,D-galacturonic
  acid,L-rhamnose,?D-xylose,
• ????????????????(thixotropic),?? (shear)
  ??????????????????????
• ????Iridoid????aucubin?
• ???????????????????????????psylium husk?

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??-???(cathartic)

• ???????????,?????????????????????,???????????????
  ????,????????????????
• ???????????,???????????????,??????????
• ??????????? (??? diverticular disease)????????
  (??????irritable bowel syndrome) ????

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• ??-
• ??????????????,??????(dextrose)????????KH2PO4????(
  citric acid)????Metamucil?

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??Aloe

• ??-????????,??????(Aloe perryi)??????(A. veraA.
  barbadensis)??????(A. ferox?A. africana?A.spicata)
  ?????????????,?????,??????????50?
• ??-??????(Socotrine aloe)??????????(Curacao
  aloe)???????????(Cape aloe)?????
• ??-?????, ????????

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• ??-???3?4???,??????????????V-????,?????????,??????
  ???????????????????,??????????????????????????????
  ???????????????,???????????????
• ?????,???????????????,??????????,?????,???????????
  ??????????????????(Aloe vera gel)?????

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• ??-
• Anthraquinoid glycoside (1030)?Aloin
  A?B(???barbaloin?isobarbaloin)??
• ?????1663?
• ????

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• ??-
• ???,????????????,????????????
• Aloe vera gel
• ??????????????????,???????????????????,???????,?
  ???????

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• Aloe vera gel for treatment of burn, abrasion

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?? Rhubarb

• ??-Rheum?Chinese Rhubarb???????
• ??-?????(Polygonaceae)??,???(Rheum palmatum
  L.)????(R. officinale Baillon)??????????
• ??-
• 1.?????????????????,?????????,????????,?????,?????
  ?????
• 2. ???CaC2O4??(?180?M),??????????,??????????,?????
  ???
• ??-?????, ?????????????

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• ????-????(Indian Rhubarb)???????(Himalayan
  Rhubarb),R. emodi?R. webbianum?
• ??-????rhein anthrone??,????????????
• Rhein anthrone???????????
• Chrysophanol-8-O-glucoside
• ?aglycone???????emodin?chrysophanol?physcion?aloe
  emodin?rhein
• ????gallic acid?catechin?glycogallin?
• ??

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• ??-??????(45?)?????35????
• ??-
• 1. ???????????,?????????????,?????????,???????????
  ?
• 2. ????,????????

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???? Rhapontici Rhizoma

• ??-???????,????(Rheum rhaponticum L.)??????
• ??-
• Chrysophanol????,???????
• Rhaponticin?UV??????????????????
• ??-??????(??)?

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Rhaponticin
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?? Dioscorea

• ??-Yam???????
• ??-????????,?????(Dioscorea spp.)???(???)?
• ??-?????,?????????????
• ??-Dioscin (Diosgenin 1glucose 2 rhamnose) ?
  ??? ?
• ??-???????????????????? ??????????????????

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• Diosgenin?Cortisone?????
• ??????????????????????(Dioscorea
  floribunda?Mexican yam)?
• Dioscorea spiculiflora????diosgenin?botogenin?boto
  genin?C???O ??(C-12 OH)???C11?????cortisone??????

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• ????????
• D. batata, D. opposita

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??Glycyrrhiza

• ??-Licorice Root,Liquorice,??????
• ??-???????,?????(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)??????(G.
  glabra,Spanish licorice,??????)??????(G.
  glandulifera,Russian licorice)??????
• ??-?????, ????

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• ??-?????????3?4????,?????????????,??????,?????????
  (air-dried?46??)?,??????????????,????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????,??????????,???????
  ?????
• ??-?????????????20???

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• ??-
• Saponin glycosidesglycyrrhizin (up to
  14)????ß-amyrin??????,??????50?,???????,???????(g
  lycyrrhetic acid)?2????????(glucuronic acid)?
• Flavonoid glycosides liquiritin, isoliquiritin,
  liquiritoside, isoliquiritoside,
  rhamnoliquiritin, rhamnoisoliquiritin?
• ??,glucose?mannitol?
• Coumarin ???herniarin?umbelliferone?

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• ??-
• ???(Glycyrrhizin)?????????,???????????????????????
  ?????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????
  ???,???????????????????????????,??????????????,???
  ?????????????

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• ?????????????,????(glycyrrhetic
  acid)?????????????,?????????????????(Addisons
  disease,???????????????)?
• Glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-stearate ?????????
• ???(Glycyrrhizin)???????????,?????????,???????????
  ???,?????????

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??Ginseng

• ??-????????,??(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)?????

??-????????, ?????
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• ??-??????????????? ??
• ??-?????????????????,???????????????????????3?6???
  ????,??????
• ??????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????

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• ??-
• 1. ??????????,??????????oleanane??????,???????
• a. ????? (Ginsenosides)Ginsenosides- Ro, Ra1,
  Ra2, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2,
  Rh?,????Rg1??????????,????(20S)-protopanaxtriol???
  ????????????????????????????????
• b. ????? (Panaxosides)???CNS???????
• c. Chikusetsusaponins

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• ???????(panaxynol)?ß-elemene????(panacene)??panax
  ynol ???????????,panacene?????,???????,???????ß-el
  emene?????
• Fixed oilstearic acid?palmitic acid?linoleic
  acid
• Triterpenes oleanolic acid?panaxic acid
• ??????(nicotinic acid)???(pantothenic acid)?
• ???(Flavonoids)kaempferol?trifolin?panasenoside?
• ??starch?ß-sitosterol?resin?mucilage?

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? ?

• ??????????????,??????????????????(carminative),???
  ????????(adaptogenic???)??,???????????????????????
  ?????????????????(neurathenia) ??????????

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• ?????????????(adaptogen)
• ?????????????????????????????,????????????(subtle)
  ,?????????????? (ginsenosides),????????????,??????
  ???????????
• ???????????????

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????

• ???(Panax quinquefolium L.)??,????????????????????
  ???,?panaquilon,??,??,???,?????????
• ????(P. japonicus C.A. Meyer)????????????????
• ???(P. notoginseng Burkill)???????(Tien-chi)???(Sa
  n-chi)???????????arasaponin A?B???????,??????

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P. japonicus
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Panax quinquefolium
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Usage anemia, diabetes, insomnia, neurathenia,
gastritis, sexual impotence..

• ps. Aglycone of gingsenosides
• protopanaxtriol- gingsenosides Rg1, Rg2, Re, Rf
• protopanaxdiol- gingsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd

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???Apricot

• ??-Bitter Almond?Ameniacae Semen?
• ??-????????,???(Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu?P.
  amygdalus var. amara)??????
• ??-?????????
• ??-
• ????(Amygdalin),????,???gentiobiose
  (????),?2?????ß,1?6?????
• ???(Emulsin) ?????(amygdalase)?????(prunase)??????
  

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• ? -
• a-Hydroxymandelonitrile ????????
• a. d-Mandelonitrile glycoside ????(prunasin)?
• b. dl-Mandelonitrile glycoside
  ?????(prulaurasin)?
• c. l-Mandelonitrile glycoside ????sambunigrin
  from Sambucus nigra (Caprifoliaceae)?
• Laetrile (Vit. B17)?amygdalin????????,????
  l-mandelonitrile-ß-glucuronic acid,???????????????
  ????1981???NCI??????????????

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???????Sweet Almond And Bitter Almond

• ??-?????????????,??(Prunus amygdalus)???????????
• ??-Prunus???????Amygdalus?????Amygdolos,?????????
  amara?dulcis????"??"?"??"???
• ??-????????????????????????????,??????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????,??????,?????,???
  ????

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• ??-
• ????????????4550 ????????????,????????????(be
  nzaldehyde)?????????(amygdalin)???,????????
• ??-
• 1. ?????????
• 2. ?????????,???????????????????

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???Almond Oil

• ??-???????????Expressed almond oil?Sweet almond
  oil?
• ??-???????(Prunus amygdalus)?????????????????
• ??-
• 1. ????????????4550?????
• 2. ???????????????????77 ?????17 ????5 ?????1
  ?
• 3. ????????(Amygdalin),????????????
• ??-???????(Emollient)???????

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???Persica Oil

• ??-Apricot kernel oil?Peach kernel oil?
• ??-??????,??(Prunus ameniaca Linne)???????????????
  ???????(Apricot kernel oil)???(P.
  persica)????????????(Prunus kernel oil)?
• ?????-
• ?????????????????
• ??-??????????????

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???Arteminsinin?qinghausu

• ??-??(Asteraceae)????(Artemisia annua Linné)
  ???????,????????????,????????1972?????????,
  internal peroxide linkage (????)???????,??????????
  ??

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??????
(?????) ??????????
(???????) ??????????
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????????????????

• ??-????????(Plasmodium vivax)?????????(Chloroquine
  sensitive)??????(Chloroquine-resistant)??????(Pla
  smodium falciparum)?????
• ??????????,??????(cerebral malaria)

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Life cycle of a malarial parasite Plasmodium
vivax. Purple indicates haploid stages and pink
diploid stages. RBCred blood cells.
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??Ginkgo

• ??-??(Ginkgo biloba Linné, Ginkgoaceae)??,
• ??-??????????,?????,?????24????????6????????????
  ???ginkgolides A?B?C?M?????????(platelet
  activating factor, PAF)??????
• PAF???????,??????????,????????????????????????????
  ?????????????

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• ??-?????????????????,???????????????,??????40mg???
  ???
• ????(DB)????????(dementia)?????(Intermittent
  claudia),?????????????????????
• ?????ginkgolic acid(???)?????(allergy)
  ,????,????ginkgolic acid????lt5ppm
  ???????????ginkgotoxin (4-O-methylpyridoxine)
  ,???????????

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• (c) Key Constituents and Pharmacokinetics
• 2227 flavonoid (quercetin, kaempferol, and
  isorhamnetin) glycosides 57 terpene lactones
  (2.83.4 ginkgolide A, B, and C 2.63.2
  bilobalide)
• Absolute bioavailability- ginkgolide A 98100
  ginkgolide B 7993 at least 70 for bilobalide
  in Human (Egb 761)
• Flavonoid levels in plasma showed dose-dependant
  rise at 2-3 hr (LI 1370)

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Frequency of side effects during three-month
treatment with the ginkgo extract LI 1370 (10815
pts) and various synthetic nootropic drugs (2141
pts)
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Indication for herbal remedies with psychotropic
actions based on the monograph of Commission E,
with the year of publication in the
Bundesunzeiger
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Cinnamon oil

• ??-Cassia Oil?
• ??-???????,??(Cinnamomum cassia)??????????????????
  ?????,???1.0451.063?
• ??-???
• ??-8095 cinnamic aldehyde?cineole?p-cymene?(-)-l
  inalool?b-caryophyllene?eugenol?
• ??-????????????????

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Saigon cinnamon

• ??-???????,????(Cinnamomum loureirii)??????
• ??-???????????????
• ??-2-6???????(mannitol)?
• ??-????????
• ? -????6?????

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Ceylon cinnamon

• ??-???????,????(Cinnamomum ceylanicum)??1836?????
  ???(?????)?
• ??-?????
• ??-0.51 ???????(mannitol)??????????eugenol???
• ??-????????

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Cinnamon

• ??-?????Cassia Cinnamon?
• ??-???????,??(Cinnamomum cassia)???????????(???)?
• ??-??????
• ??-0.51.5???????(mannitol)?tannin?
• ??-????????

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????
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????
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????
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Cinnamaldehyde

• ??-Cinnamic aldehyde?Cinnamyl aldehyde?
• ??-??????????(benzaldehyde)???(acetaldehyde)?????(
  NaOH)?????????
• ??-?????????98?
• ??- ?????????2?phenylhydrazine HCl,???cinnamyl
  aldehyde hydrazone??????

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??Clove

• ??-????????Caryophyllus?
• ??-?????????,??(Eugenia caryophyllus?Eugenia
  caryophyllata )????????????????
• ??-?????????????????(????)????(?????4/5)?????????
  ??????????????
• ??-1420 ???1013 gallotannic
  acid?eugenin?vanillin?
• ??-????????
• ? -???( clove fruit)?????????,???

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???Clove Oil

• ??-?????(phenolics) ????85 (v/v),??7090
  ????(eugenol)?eugenol acetate?ß-caryophyllene?vani
  llin?methyl-n-amyl ketone (???????)?
• ??-?????????????????????????????(vanillin)????
• ????????????,??1.0381.061?

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???? Eugenol

• ??-???? 4-Allyl-2-methoxphenol ?
• ??-????10NaOH??Sodium eugenolate?,
• ????????,??????????????
• ??-??????

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??Mastic

• ??-Mastich?Mastiche?????
• ??-?????(Anacardiaceae)??,??(Pistacia
  lentiscus)??????,?????
• ??-????
• ??-a-resin (mastichic acid)?????ß-resin
  (masticin) ?????????????12.5
  ,???()a-pinene???????
• ??-????????,??????

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??Flos sophora

• ??-??????(Sophora japonica)??????????
• ??-
• ???(rutin, 1025)????(quercitrin,
  quercetin-3-O-rhamnopyranoside)?kaempferol-3-O-sop
  horoside (glc(2)-glc)
• Triterpenes betulin, sophoradiol
• ??-?????????????????

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?? Areca Semen

• ??-Betel nut?Areca nut?
• ??-????????,??(Areca catechu L.)??????(PalmaeArec
  aceae)
• ??-?????????(????)????
• ??-
• 1. ???U???????
• 2. ?????????????????????,??????(Ruminate tissue)

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• ??-
• 1. Arecoline (arecaidine methyl
  ester)????(0.2),??????,?????????????arecaidine
  (N-methyl guvacine)?guvacoline (guvacine methyl
  ester)?guvacine (tetrahydronicotinic acid)?
• 2. Tannin(15)areca red??phlobatannin,?????
• 3. ??????????
• ??-???????,???????