Immune System

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Immune System

• Chapter 40

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40-1 Infectious Disease

• Disease Any change, other than injury, that
  disrupts the normal function of the body
• Pathogens disease causing agents

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40-1 Infectious Disease

• Germ Theory of Disease diseases are caused by
  microorganisms called germs
• How do we know what causes a disease?
• Lyme disease

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40-1 Infectious Disease

• Kochs Postulates
• Developed by Koch
• Series of rules used to identify the
  microorganism that causes a disease
• Identification is the first step to a cure

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40-1 Infectious Disease

• Kochs Postulates (page 1032)
• Pathogen should be found in body of a sick
  organism and not in a healthy
• The pathogen must be isolated and grown in the
  lab in pure cultures
• The cultured pathogens, when placed in a new
  host, should cause the same disease as the
  original host
• When isolated from the second host, it should be
  identical to the original pathogen

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40-1 Infectious Disease

• Agents of Disease
• Human body is a good home
• How do pathogens cause disease?
• Destroy cells
• Release toxins
• Disrupt bodily functions
• Remove nutrients
• Block blood flow

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40-1 Infectious Disease

• Viruses
• Tiny particles
• Invade cells and replicate
• Attach to cell and insert genetic information
• Common cold, influenza, smallpox, and warts

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40-1 Infectious Disease

• Bacteria
• Cause of disease
• Breaking down tissues
• Releasing toxins
• Streptococcus, diphtheria, botulism, and anthrax

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Diphtheria
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40-1 Infectious Disease

• Protists
• Malaria - mosquitoes
• Trypansoma contaminated blood
• Amebic Dysentery contaminated water

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40-1 Infectious Disease

• Worms
• Tapeworms and hookworms
• Fungi
• Athletes foot
• Ringworm

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40-1 Infectious Disease

• Spreading Disease
• Direct/Indirect Contact
• Contaminated food and water
• Food poisoning
• Infected Animals
• Vectors animals that carry pathogens

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40-1 Infectious Disease

• Fighting Infectious Diseases
• Antibiotics compounds that kill bacteria
• Penicillin 1928 Alexander Fleming

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40-2 Immune System

• Immune System Fight infection by making cells
  that inactivate foreign substances or cells which
  we call immunity

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40-2 Immune System

• Nonspecific Defenses
• Physical Barriers
• Chemical Barriers

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40-2 Immune System

• First line of defense Keeps pathogens out of
  the body
• Skin most important nonspecific defense
• Mucus, sweat, and tears contain lysozyme
• Lysozyme enzyme that breaks down the bacterial
  cells wall

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40-2 Immune System

• Second line of defense
• Inflammatory response Reaction to tissue
  damage caused by injury or infection
• WBC or phagocytes kill bacteria
• Fever Increased body temperature
• Slows or stops bacteria growth
• Increases heart rate

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40-2 Immune System

• Interferon a group of proteins that help
  healthy cells resist viral infection

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40-2 Immune System

• Specific Defenses
• Immune response Specific defenses that attack
  the pathogen
• Antigen Substance that triggers the response
• T cells T Lymphocytes
• B cells B Lymphocytes

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40-2 Immune System

• Humoral Immunity Response to antigens and
  pathogens in the body fluids
• B Cells Identify antigen and quickly multiply
• Plasma cells release antibodies
• Antibodies proteins that recognize and bind to
  antigens
• Memory B cells

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40-2 Immune System

• Antibody Structure
• Y shaped amino acid
• Two identical binding sites
• 100 million different antibodies

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40-2 Immune System

• Cell-Mediated Immunity Response to abnormal
  cells and pathogens inside living cells
• T cells During infection or cancer they divide
• Killer T cells kill pathogen
• Helper T cells make memory T cells
• Suppressor T cells Shutdown killer T cells
• Memory T cells

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40-2 Immune System

• Transplants
• Body attacks foreign organs
• Recipients must take drugs to resist rejection

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40-2 Immune System

• Acquired Immunity
• Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine
• Smallpox

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40-2 Immune System

• Active Immunity
• Vaccination injection of weakened or mild form
  of virus
• Long time response

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40-2 Immune System

• Passive Immunity Exposure to antibodies of an
  animal that has had an infection
• Shorter time protection

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40-3 Immune Disorders

• Allergies An overreaction to antigens on mast
  cells
• Allergens - Pollen, dust, mold, and bee sting
• Histamines Chemicals released by mast cells
  that cause inflammation

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40-3 Immune Disorders

• Asthma Chronic respiratory disease
• Causes - Infection, exercise, stress, medication,
  cold air, pollen, dust, tobacco smoke, pollution,
  molds, and pet dander

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40-3 Immune Disorders

• Autoimmune Diseases Immune system attacks its
  own cells
• Type I Diabetes
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Myasthenia gravis
• Multiple sclerosis

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40-3 Immune Disorders

• AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• Viral infection that attacks helper T cells
• Immune system breaks down

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40-3 Immune Disorders

• HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
• Retrovirus
• Destroys helper T cells
• Forces the human cells to make more HIV

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40-3 Immune Disorders

• Transmission
• Sexual contact
• Shared needles
• Contact with blood
• Mother to child

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40-3 Immune Disorders

• Prevention
• Abstinence
• Avoiding drug use

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40-3 Immune Disorders

• Cure
• Many breakthroughs but no cure yet

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Hope
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40-4 Environment and Health

• Air Quality the number and concentrations of
  various gases present

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40-4 Environment and Health

• Carbon Monoxide (CO) Odorless gas that comes
  from car exhaust, heaters, and cigarette smoke
• Binds to RBCs

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40-4 Environment and Health

• Ozone (O3) Highly reactive form of Oxygen
• Problem for people with asthma

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40-4 Environment and Health

• Airborne Particulates Dust, pollen, mold
  spores, and animal dander
• Lead Poisoning can cause slow mental
  development
• Asbestos used for insulation can cause cancer

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40-4 Environment and Health

• Water Quality
• Human and animal waste
• Chemical pollutants
• Water treatment facilities

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40-4 Environment and Health

• Bioterrorism
• Viruses smallpox
• Bacteria anthrax
• Toxic compounds Botulinus toxin and VX

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40-4 Environment and Health

• Cancer life threatening disease where cells
  grow uncontrollably
• Tumors a mass of ever growing tissues
• Benign
• Malignant

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40-4 Environment and Health

• Causes of Cancer
• Mutations
• Environment
• Carcinogens cancer causing agents
• Radiation sunlight, x-rays, nuclear radiation
• Cigarette smoking causes 50 of all cancer
• Genetic

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40-4 Environment and Health

• Treating Cancer
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation
• Early detection

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40-4 Environment and Health

• Maintaining Health
• Healthy Diet
• Exercise and Rest
• Abstaining from Harmful Activities
• Regular Checkups