Plant Propagation

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Plant Propagation

• 18.00 Apply different methods of plant
  propagation as related to horticultural plant
  production

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Propagation

• The multiplication of a kind or species.
• Reproduction of a species.

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Sexual Propagation

• Propagation from seeds.
• Pollen is transferred from the anther to the
  stigma.
• Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.

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Germination Rates

• Percent of seeds that sprout
• 75 out of 10075
• Rate is affected by seed viability, temperature
  and moisture.
• Rates vary depending on plant and quality of
  seed.

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Seeds

• Plant depth depends on the size of seeds
• larger seeds are planted deeper
• water small seeds from bottom by soaking

Embryo
Seed Coat
Endosperm
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Seedlings (small plants)

• Transplant when first true leaves appear
• Reduce humidity and water and make environment
  more like outside to harden off plants

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Seeds to Seedlings
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Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

• Fast way to get many plants
• Easy to do
• Economical

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Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

• Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce
  true to parents
• Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds

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Asexual Reproduction

• Uses growing plant parts other than seeds
• Types of asexual reproduction
• cuttings
• layering
• division or separation
• budding
• grafting
• tissue culture

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Rooting from Cuttings

• Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep
• Best time of day is early mornings because plants
  have more moisture
• Types of cuttings
• stem
• leaf
• root

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Stem Cuttings

• Using a small piece of stem to reproduce plants
• using hormones and dipping in fungicides help
  speed up rooting

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Leaf cuttings

• Using small pieces of leaves to reproduce new
  plants
• from herbaceous plants
• vein must be cut

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Stem Cuttings-Step 1
Gather all materials needed
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Stem Cuttings-Step 2
Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip
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Stem Cuttings-Step 3
Remove lower leaves from the shoot
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Stem Cuttings-Step 4
Dip cut surface in rooting hormone
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Stem Cuttings-Step 5
Thoroughly moisten rooting medium
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Stem Cuttings-Step 6
Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media
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Stem Cuttings-Step 7
Cover with plastic wrap or place on a mist bench
in a warm area away from direct sunlight.
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Stem Cuttings-Step 8
Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully
and transplanted
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Root Cuttings

• Using small pieces of roots to reproduce plants
• should be three inches apart in rooting area

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Layering

• Scarring a small area of stem to produce new
  plants
• air layering
• trench layering

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Trench Layering
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Division or Separation

• Cutting or pulling apart plant structures for
  reproduction
• bulbs
• corms
• rhizomes
• tubers
• runners
• stolons
• suckers

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Bulbs
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Grafting

• Joining separate plant parts together so that
  they form a union and grow together to make one
  plant.

Wedge Graft
Approach Graft
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Grafting Terms

• Scion-the piece of plant at the top of the graft
• Rootstock-the piece of the plant at the root or
  bottom of the graft

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Methods of Grafting

• If the scion and rootstock are the same size
• wedge
• splice
• whip and tongue
• approach

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Methods of Grafting

• If the scion is smaller than the rootstock
• cleft
• side
• notch
• bark inlay

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Budding

• A form of grafting when a bud is used
• patch budding
• T-budding
• Chip Budding

Chip Budding
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How to perform T-budding
Step 2
Step 4
Step 1
Step 3
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Tissue Culture

• Using a small amount of plant tissue to grow in a
  sterile environment
• The most plants in a short time
• True to parent plant

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Advantages of Asexual Production

• Plants mature in a shorter time
• Budding is faster than grafting
• In trench layering, a plant forms at each node on
  a covered stem
• Some plants do not produce viable seed
• New plants are the same as the parent plant

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Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

• Some require special equipment and skills, such
  as grafting
• Cuttings detach plant parts from water and
  nutrient source
• Some plants are patented making propagation
  illegal

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The Uses of Biotechnology in Horticulture
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What is Biotechnology?

• The use of cells or components (parts) of cells
  to produce products or processes

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Methods

• Tissue culture or micropropagation
• Cloning
• Genetic Engineering

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Tissue Culture

• Uses terminal shoots or leaf buds in a sterile or
  aseptic environment on agar gel or other
  nutrient-growing media to produce thousands of
  identical plants

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Cloning

• Genetically generating offspring from non-sexual
  tissue

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Genetic Engineering

• Movement of genetic information in the form of
  genes from one cell to another cell to modify or
  change the genetic make-up

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Benefits of Biotechnology

• Produce many identical plants in a short time
• Increase disease and insect resistance
• Increase tolerance to heat and cold
• Increase weed tolerance

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Benefits of Biotechnology

• Increase tolerance to drought
• Improve environment
• Increase production
• Other genetic changes