Propagation of Plants

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Propagation of Plants

• Chapter 5

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Plant Propagation

• Sexual- Seed, Spores
• Asexual-Vegetative parts such as stems, leaves
  roots

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Plant Propagation

• Sexual Plant Propagation- Implies process of
  pollination
• Pollen transferred to stigmatic surface
• Germination of pollen
• Travel to ovary
• Fertilization
• Fruit ? Seed Formation/Spore Formation

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Plant Propagation

• Vegetative Propagation
• Plants utilize existing products to differentiate
  and manufacture required tissues to complete a
  new plant in whole.

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Vegetative Propagation

• Methods
• Cuttings
• Grafting
• Budding
• Air Layering
• Plant Tissue Culture

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Seed Propagation Techniques

• Quality Seed Stock Characteristics
• True to name
• Clean seed
• Disease and insect free
• Good viability- germination percent
• Graded to size

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True to Name

• Correct labeling
• Adaptability to a specified environment
• Time of maturity
• Correct color, fruit, etc.

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Clean Seed

• Free of excessive dust, dirt, extraneous plant
  material, weed seed. Should be specified on
  label.

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Good Viability

• Refers to germination percentage, or how much
  live seed is in a seed lot/batch.
• Should be specified on label and required by
  law.
• Information acquired by running germination
  tests.

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Graded to Size

• Especially important for machine planting.
• Agronomic Crops
• Bedding plants-seed pelletized

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Seed Planting

• Broadcast
• Row

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Planting Depth

• General Rule No more than twice the seeds
  diameter.

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Seed Germination

• Process involves imbibing of water, activation
  of enzymes and hormones, embryo growth.
• Seed parts involved Seed Coat, Endosperm Tissue
  and Embryo

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Specialized Seed Treatments

• Scarification
• Stratification
• Embryo Culture

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Disease and Insect Free

• Free of surface spores and pathogenic
  contaminants. Some seeds are pre-treated with
  fungicides.
• Insects- especially in storage facilities where
  weevil type insects feed on endosperm tissue.

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Germination
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Soil Mixtures

• Required
• Drainage
• Moisture Holding
• Disease Free

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Soil Components

• Perlite
• Vermiculite
• Peat moss
• Sphagnum moss
• Sand
• Wood shavings

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Soil Treatments

• Pasteurization Heating soil to temperatures
  high enough to kill harmful organisms, yet keep
  beneficial ones. Usually heat soil to 140-160
  degrees F for 30-45 minutes.
• Sterilization Heat to above 212 degrees F,
  everything killed.

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Environment

• Environment needs to provide
• Water
• Temperature bottom heat
• Light
• Humidity
• Cleanliness
• Freedom of Diseases

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Germinated Seedling
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Seedlings
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Plug Trays
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Root Cubes
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Transplanting of Seedlings

• When first set of true leaves are developed

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Cuttings

• Sources of Cutting Material
• Stem
• Leaves
• Roots

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Stem Cuttings

• Herbaceous
• Softwood
• Semi-hardwood
• Deciduous Hardwood
• Evergreen
• Stem Section

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Herbaceous

• Taken from plants of an herbaceous nature.
• Examples
• Coleus
• Geranium
• Begonia

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Softwood

• Usually from younger tissue including shoot tips
  or from plants with soft, green tissue throughout
  its structure.
• Examples Azalea, Lantana, Calliandra, Salvia,
  Hibiscus

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Semi-Hardwood

• Taken from mature wood of the current year.
• Examples Azalea, Camellia

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Narrow Leaved Evergreen

• Taken from plants that hold their foliage
  year-round.
• Examples Juniper, Arborvitae, Pines.

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Stem Section

• Taken from larger plant stems, may be placed on
  their sides.
• Examples Dieffenbachia, Dracaena, Aglaonema

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Deciduous Hardwood

• Taken from dormant woody tissue.
• Examples
• Apple, Pear, Peaches, etc.

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Leaf Cutting

• Only Leaf blade/tissue is used as the cutting
  source.
• Examples
• African Violet
• Begonia
• Sansevieria
• Peperomia

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Propagation Media

• Cuttings
• Perlite -80
• Peat Moss - 20
• Vermiculite (?)
• Volumes of each adjusted accordingly.

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Perlite

• Also known as Sponge-Rok
• Volcanic in origin.
• Pumice heated to 2000 F
• Used to increase pore size and provide aeration.

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Peat Moss

• Organic component
• Originating from reed sedge
• Decomposes in cool moist areas
• Used to hold moisture

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Vermiculite

• Clay material (21)
• Relatively high CEC
• Heat expanded
• Holds up to 3-4 gallons of water per cubic foot.
• Physically less stable.

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Supplemental Cuttage Practices

• Auxin Treatments
• Intermittent Mist
• Bottom Heat
• Sanitary Practices

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Auxin Treatments

• Rootone, Hormex
• Contain IBA and /or NAA
• Powder or liquid forms

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Intermittent Misting

• Provides thin film of water on leaf surface
• Prevents desiccation
• Reduces transpiration
• Frequency 2-5 seconds every 5-10 minutes

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Bottom Heat

• Maintain soil temperatures at 70-85 F
• Increases respiration in plant cells

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Sanitary Practices

• Soil pasteurization (Damping-off)
• Clean planting stock
• Control algae growth
• Removal of dead plant material

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Damping-off

• Condition in which germinating seedlings or
  cuttings are infected and killed by moisture
  loving pathogens.
• Pathogens include
• Pythium sp., Phytophthora sp.

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Rooted Cutting
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Rooted Cutting
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Rooted Cutting
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Post Cutting Treatments

• Hardening Process
• Reduce Light
• Reduce Temperature
• Reduce Water
• Transplant to nutrient rich soil mix

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Grafting

• Union of two plants to produce a single plant.
• Terminology
• Scion
• Rootstock
• Compatability

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Grafting

• Scion-stem section placed on part providing root.
• Rootstock-part providing root.
• Compatibility-ability of two grafted plants to
  form a successful union.

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Limits of Grafting

• Botanical Relationship
• The closer the better
• Species to species
• Genera to other genera
• Family to Family

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Reasons for Grafting

• Difficult to root species
• Dwarfing effects
• Disease resistance
• Disease indexing
• Repair
• Improve structure
• Rootstock Benefits

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Grafting Methods

• Cleft Graft
• Splice Graft
• Whip Graft
• Side Graft

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Cleft Graft (Wedge Graft)
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Bark Graft
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Side Graft
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Side Graft-Spruce
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Spruce-Rootstock Prep
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Spruce-Scion Preparation
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Spruce-Scion Placement
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Spruce-Tying
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Splice Graft
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Splice(Whip/Tongue) Graft
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Saddle Graft
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Bridge Grafting-Repair
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Inarching-Repair
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Approach Grafting
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Grafting/Budding Knives
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Factors for a Successful Graft

• Cambial Contact between scion and stock
• Skillful Technique
• Sharp Knife
• Healthy Rootstock
• Proper Post Graft Environment

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Post Grafting Care

• Healing-in
• Create area of high humidity
• High Temperature
• High Light
• Can be done on greenhouse bench with plastic
  covering

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Graft Healing Process

• Cambiums placed in close proximity
• Cambium cells interlock
• De-differentiation of xylem and phloem

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Budding

• Same as grafting except that only one bud is
  used.

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Budding Methods

• T-Bud - Bark must be slipping
• Chip Bud
• I- Bud
• Ring Bud Flute Bud
• Stick Bud
• Post Budding care same as those for grafting

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T-Budding
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T-Budding Diagram
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Field T-Budding
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T-Bud-Close-up
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T-Bud-Completed
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Chip Budding
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Chip Budding
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Advantages of Budding

• Limited scion wood
• Faster
• Many methods

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T-Budded Acer palmatum
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Layerage

• Rooting parts of plants while still attached to
  the mother plant.

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Methods of Layerage

• Simple
• Tip
• Mound/Stool
• Trench
• Compound
• Air

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Tip Layerage
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Mound Layerage
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Air Layerage
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Air Layerage
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Air Layered Branches
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Division

• Separation of plants having specialized
  structures.
• Runners, rhizomes and stolons
• Suckers and offsets
• Storage organs bulbs corms and tubers, etc.

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Division

• Examples
• Runner Spider Plant
• Stolons St. Augustinegrass
• Rhizomes Iris
• Sucker Apple, Poplar
• Offsets Bromeliads, cacti, succulents
• Bulbs Daffodil
• Corms Gladiolus
• Tuber Potato

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Plant Tissue Culture

• Plants grown in vitro (glass) under aseptic
  conditions.
• Meristematic tissue usually extracted and
  isolated, then cultured on sterile medium.
• Requires high initial overhead, but the high
  volume of plants produced can offset the cost in
  a short time.

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Tissue Culture
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Tissue Culture
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Tissue Culture
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Planting Stock

• Container Stock
• Cell packs
• 4 inch
• 1 gallon
• 2-3 gallon
• 5 gallon
• 15 gallon
• boxed

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Containerized

• Convenient
• Economical
• Shipping
• Use with machine planting
• Storage
• Handling
• Variety of sizes and shapes

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Planting Stock

• Non-containerized
• B B Balled and Burlapped
• Bare Root Stock
• Tree Spade (Vermeer Digger)

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Non-Containerized

• Boxed specimens
• Larger plant stock
• Boxed Spcimens 18-60 boxes
• Bare Root

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Non-Containerized

• Tree Spade
• Consistent, uniform soil
• Preferably done when dormant
• Highly mechanized
• Faster
• Expensive

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Bare Root Stock

• Advantages
• Wide selection
• Easy to handle
• Can inspect roots before purchasing
• 25-40 cheaper
• When planted, gets accustomed to only one type of
  soil