Plant Tissue Culture

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Plant Tissue Culture

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Definition

• The term plant tissue culture is described in
  vitro and aseptic cultivation of any plant part
  on nutrient medium.

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Fundamental principles

• There are three fundamental principles
• (1) The plant part must be isolated from the
  rest of plant body.
• (2) The plant part (ex plant isolate cell that
  is not infected) must be in a controlled ,
  preferably defined , nutrient medium.
• (3) Aseptic condition must be maintained.

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Types of plant cultures

• (1) Callus Culture.
• (2) Cell Suspension Culture.
• (3) Anther Culture.
• (4) Ovule Culture.
• (5) Embryo Culture.
• (6) Protoplast Culture.
• (7) Micro Propagation.

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History

• (1) HABERLANDT.
• (2) WHITE.
• (3) NOBECOURT.
• (4) VAN OVERBEEK.
• (5) SKOOG.
• (6) BRAUN.
• (7) STEWARD.
• (8) MURI.

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(1) Callus Culture technique

• When an excised and isolated piece of tissue
  is cultured on a nutrient medium, an unorganized
  mass of cell appears, is called callus. This
  callus is transferred on to different media to
  regenerate plants. this technique is called
  tissue culture.

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Plant tissue culture
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(2) Cell Suspension Culture

• It is the culture of isolated cells or very
  small cell aggregates dispersed in liquid medium.
  The cell suspension is obtained by agitating
  pieces of callus in liquid medium on gyrating
  shaker.

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(3) Anther Culture

• Anther culture is a mean to produce plants with
  a gametic number of chromosomes by aseptic
  culture of anther. The technique give rise to
  haploid plants either directly or through
  formation of a haploid callus.

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(4) Ovule Culture

• Ovule culture techniques is an important
  technique in modern plant breeding. it is much
  easier to culture whole ovule than to isolate a
  single embryo, especially in small seeded plants.
• E.g., tobacco

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(5) Embryo Culture

• The embryos are isolated from young seeds and
  placed on a solid medium containing nutrients and
  vitamins. Embryos are cultured at 25c,first in
  dark until seedlings are about 2 cm long and root
  formation has started, and than in light until
  the seedlings can be planted in soil.

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(6) Protoplast Culture

• It is one of the most significant and recent
  developments in the field of plant tissue
  culture. the protoplast are usually isolated from
  cultured cell or leaf mesophyll cell by treating
  them with enzyme solutions. the isolated
  protoplast may be used to regenerate the plants
  directly, or for the production of somatic
  hybrids through fusion.

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(7) Micro Propagation

• It is in vitro asexual propagation of crop
  plants. This technique is advantages over the
  conventional practice of asexual propagation as
  only a small amount of plant is needed, species
  highly resistant to conventional bulk propagation
  can be propagated by this method and it is non
  season dependent. Micro propagation is used for
  rapid multiplication of stocks, elimination of
  diseases, germ plasm preservation, and induction
  of mutation.

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Applications

• Tissue culture technique has helped in studying
  various biochemical and physiological processes
  in pure cultures without complications of other
  factors.
• The effect of various hormones are
  differentiation and growth processes can be
  studied by using tissue culture technique.
• Organogenesis has been studied by inducing
  formation of roots , shoot tips etc from callus
  on nutrient medium.