10th American History

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10th American History

• American History
• Unit II Becoming a World Power
• Chapter 7 Section 2- The Spanish-American War

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The Spanish-American War

• The Main Idea
• A quick victory in the Spanish-American War gave
  the United States a new role as a world power.
• The Main Idea
• How did simmering unrest in Cuba lead to
  rebellion?
• Why did Americans get war fever?
• What happened in the course of the
  Spanish-American War?
• Why was annexing the Philippines controversial?

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Simmering Unrest in Cuba

• Cubans launched a series of revolts against Spain
  beginning in 1868, which Spain reacted to by
  exiling revolutionary leaders.
• José Marti moved to New York City in 1878,
  continuing to agitate for Cuban independence
  through newspaper articles and poetry.
• Marti returned to Cuba to participate in a revolt
  in February 1895 but was killed, becoming a hero
  instantly.
• Spanish General Valeriano Weyler used ruthless
  tactics to suppress the revolt, further angering
  Cubans and swaying American sentiment to the side
  of the rebels.

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Simmering Unrest in Cuba

• Who was Jose Marti?
• Why did General Valeriano Weylers attempt to
  suppress the Cuban rebellion backfire?

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The Spanish-American War Begins (0219)
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Americans Get War Fever

• Americans supported Cuba- Revolutionary war and
  actions of General Weyler.
• Medias Role
• William Randolph Hearst- Publisher- New York
  Journal
• Joseph Pulitzer- Publisher New York World
• Yellow Journalism- Scandalous stories and
  shocking illustrations. Competition to sell
  newspapers.
• Both papers put their support behind the Cuban
  rebels.

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Americans Get War Fever

• Newspapers reported the uprising with dramatic
  headlines and articles.
• A letter written by the Spanish minister to the
  U.S., Enrique Dupuy de Loome, which ridiculed
  President McKinley, was published by the New York
  Journal.
• The battleship USS Maine blew up in Havana
  harbor, killing 260 American sailors.
• Although there was no proof, the explosion was
  blamed on a Spanish mine, galvanizing U.S.
  support for war with Spain.

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Americans Get War Fever

• The Explosion of the Maine.
• The de Lome Letter- Written by Spains minister
  to the U.S. Hearst printed it in the paper.
• The letter accused McKinley or being weak and
  catering to the rabble.
• Americans looked at this as an insult.
• Jingoes people who loved to see a fight, they
  wanted war.
• Maine sent to Havana harbor to protect lives
  and property of Americans (Sugar Plantations).
• February 15, 1898- Maine blows up. Remember
  the Maine!
• How did it happen?- Spanish? Cuban Rebels? A
  fire in the coal storage?
• McKinley demands Spain give Cuba its
  independence. Spain refuses and we declare war.

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The Story of the U.S.S. Maine356 min.
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Americans Get War Fever

• Why did Americans get war fever?
• What was Yellow Journalism?
• Why could William Randolph Hearst and Joseph
  Pulitzer be considered part of the Cuban revolt?
• Why did the de Lome letter raise such an outcry?
• Do you think the Spanish minister was justified
  in writing about the U.S. President?

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The Course of the War

• War in Cuba
• Teller Amendment- U.S. recognizes Cuban
  independence. Once free from Spain, the U.S.
  would leave the govt and control of the island
  to the people of Cuba.
• U.S. War Dept. not prepared for war.
• Soldiers had woolen uniforms for a summer war in
  the tropics.
• Mess pans were left over from the Civil War.
• Canned meat was so bad it was referred to as
  embalmed beef.
• Regular soldiers and volunteers-
• Rough Riders (a regiment organized and trained by
  Theodore Roosevelt- college athletes, cowboys,
  ranchers, and miners.)
• Expected to fight as a cavalry unit they had to
  leave their horses behind and fought on foot.
• Strategy-
• capture the port of Santiago by controlling the
  hills around it.
• July 1, 1898- Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill-
  8,000 U.S. Soldiers
• Buffalo Soldiers- the 9th and 10th (Indian fights
  on the Great Plains)
• Rough Riders and other regular troops in support.
• 6 Buffalo Soldiers, and Two Rough Riders
  (Theodore Roosevelt) got Congressional Medals of
  Honor.
• July 3- U.S. fleets sinks Spanish fleet in Battle
  of Santiago
• Spanish surrender in Cuba and Puerto Rico within
  weeks.

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The War in the Philippines and the Caribbean
(0302)
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The Course of the War

• The Philippines
• Future President Theodore Roosevelt sent
  Commodore George Dewey orders to prepare for war
  against Spain.
• Dewey engaged the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay.
• Steel- and iron-hulled U.S. ships helped to
  defeat the Spaniards.
• Filipino rebels, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, had
  already been fighting Spain.
• Surrounded by Dewey (at sea) and Aguinaldo (on
  land), Spanish forces surrendered.

• Cuba
• U.S. War Department was unprepared for war in
  Cuba.
• American strategy was to control the port city of
  Santiago.
• Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders helped gain
  control of the city at the Battle of San Juan
  Hill.
• The U.S. Navy sank the entire Spanish fleet off
  the coast of Cuba.

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The Course of the War

• Consequences of the War
• Terms of the Peace Treaty- Paris Peace Treaty
• Spain gives up all claims to Cuba, cede Puerto
  Rico and Guam to the U.S.
• Philippines turned over to U.S. for 20 million.
• Sweet victory for the U.S.- John Hay ambassador
  to Great Britain in a letter to Theodore
  Roosevelt called it a splendid little war.
• Costs to the U.S.- (about a four month war.)
• 250 million
• 2,957 soldier deaths from disease (mostly from
  yellow fever)
• 332 Battle deaths- Army and Navy
• Huge payoff for U.S.- U.S. now an imperialistic
  nation- an expansionists delight.

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The Course of the War

• How long did the Spanish American War last?
• Why do you think the U.S. chose the Philippines
  as one of the locations to attack the Spanish?
• Why was fighting in Cuba so difficult?
• What was unusual about the troops who fought in
  the Spanish-American War?
• What do you think John Hay and Henry Cabot Lodge
  meant when they said the war began with highest
  motives and that it had world wide meaning?

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U.S. victory over Spain elevated the American
position in the world.

• Spain gave up all claims to Cuba.
• The United States gained territory in Puerto
  Rico and Guam.
• Spain turned over the Philippines for 20
  million.
• Territorial gains strengthened the military and
  economic position of the United States.

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Annexing the Philippines
Controversy raged in the United States over
whether to annex the Philippines.

• For Annexation
• Believed the United States had a duty to spread
  its values overseas.
• Philippines had economic and strategic value that
  should not fall into the hands of other
  countries.

• Against Annexation
• Believed annexation would violate the ideal of
  self-government
• Did not want oppression to occur The United
  States should not export racism and violence
• Some Americans believed annexation would increase
  immigration to the United States.

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The Philippines

• The U.S. Senate narrowly approved annexation of
  the Philippines in February 1899.
• Fighting broke out in the Philippines. Filipino
  independence fighters battled U.S. soldiers for
  three years.
• Filipino voters did have a voice in government.
  They were able to elect members to the lower
  house of their legislature. They could elect
  members of both houses in 1916.
• On July 4, 1946, the United States finally
  granted full independence to the Philippines.

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Annexing the Philippines

• Arguments for Annexation
• U.S. had a duty to spread its values overseas
  (educate, uplift, civilize and Christianize-
  McKinley)
• Philippines needed for refueling and supply as
  well as military. Get others before other
  countries (Germany) do.
• Opponents
• Anti-Imperialist League in June 1908.
• Annexing Philippine went against U.S. values
• Are we exporting oppression to the Philippines
• Open the door to a new flood of immigrants from
  the Philippines. Unions against it.
• American Rule
• Annexation passed after a fierce debate on Feb.
  6, 1899.
• Fighting broke out in the Philippines lead by
  Aquinaldo who feel they are independent.
• After 3 years of rebellion- 4,000 U.S. soldiers
  and some 220, 000 Filipinos had died (mainly due
  to disease.)
• Goal for Philippines- prepare it for
  independence, much like any U.S. State. Finally
  in 1946 Philippines were granted full
  independence.

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Annexing the Philippines

• What two reasons were used to justify annexation
  of the Philippines?
• Why might other nations have gone to war against
  the United States to gain control of the
  Philippines?
• Why did some groups in the U.S. oppose annexing
  the Philippines?
• Did the U.S. honor its stated goal of preparing
  the Philippines for independence?

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Footage of the Spanish-American War and
McKinley's Funeral (0136)
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The Price of Freedom- Website

• Spanish American War- 1898-1902

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Where and What
Causes
Who
Spanish policies in Cuba- Human rights- Butcher
Weyler U.S. Sympathy to Cuban rebels. de
Lome Letter Yellow Press (Journalism)
Sinking of the Maine Jingoism (Hawks)
Imperialism- U.S. power play
Economics- U.S. planters and
investors.
Spanish-American War

Anti-Imperialists
After the War
Results of the War
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Where and What
Causes
Who
Spanish policies in Cuba- Human rights- Butcher
Weyler U.S. Sympathy to Cuban rebels. de
Lome Letter Yellow Press (Journalism)
Sinking of the Maine Jingoism (Hawks)
Imperialism- U.S. power play
Economics- U.S. planters and
investors.
United States McKinley, T.Roosevelt and Rough
Riders, Buffalo Soldiers, Navy- Admiral
Dewey and Aquinaldo Pulitzer
and Hearst- Publishers Cuba
Spanish and General Weyler Cuban rebels
and Jose Marti
Spanish-American War
Anti-Imperialists
After the War
Results of the War
30
Where and What
Causes
Who
Spanish policies in Cuba- Human rights- Butcher
Weyler U.S. Sympathy to Cuban rebels. de
Lome Letter Yellow Press (Journalism)
Sinking of the Maine Jingoism (Hawks)
Imperialism- U.S. power play
Economics- U.S. planters and
investors.
United States McKinley, T.Roosevelt and Rough
Riders, Buffalo Soldiers, Navy- Admiral
Dewey and Aquinaldo Pulitzer
and Hearst- Publishers Cuba
Spanish and General Weyler Cuban rebels
and Jose Marti
Philippines T. Roosevelt- Asst.Sec. of Navy send
Commodore Dewey. Destroys Spanish Navy-Manila
Bay Cuba Havana Harbor Kettle and San Juan Hill-
Santiago Battle of Santiago Bay
Spanish-American War
Anti-Imperialists
After the War
Results of the War
31
Where and What
Causes
Who
Spanish policies in Cuba- Human rights- Butcher
Weyler U.S. Sympathy to Cuban rebels. de
Lome Letter Yellow Press (Journalism)
Sinking of the Maine Jingoism (Hawks)
Imperialism- U.S. power play
Economics- U.S. planters and
investors.
United States McKinley, T.Roosevelt and Rough
Riders, Buffalo Soldiers, Navy- Admiral
Dewey and Aquinaldo Pulitzer
and Hearst- Publishers Cuba
Spanish and General Weyler Cuban rebels
and Jose Marti
Philippines T. Roosevelt- Asst.Sec. of Navy send
Commodore Dewey. Destroys Spanish Navy-Manila
Bay Cuba Havana Harbor Kettle and San Juan
Hill Battle of Santiago Bay
Spanish-American War
4 months of war -Splendid little war 250
million and over 2,000 soldier deaths (mostly
from yellow fever) Spain gives up all claims to
Cuba, cede Puerto Rico and Guam to the
U.S. Philippines turned over to U.S. for 20
million. U.S. now has colonies of over 100,000
sq. miles and 10 million people.
Anti-Imperialists
After the War
Results of the War
32
Where and What
Causes
Who
Spanish policies in Cuba- Human rights- Butcher
Weyler U.S. Sympathy to Cuban rebels. de
Lome Letter Yellow Press (Journalism)
Sinking of the Maine Jingoism (Hawks)
Imperialism- U.S. power play
Economics- U.S. planters and
investors.
United States McKinley, T.Roosevelt and Rough
Riders, Buffalo Soldiers, Navy- Admiral
Dewey and Aquinaldo Pulitzer
and Hearst- Publishers Cuba
Spanish and General Weyler Cuban rebels
and Jose Marti
Philippines T. Roosevelt- Asst.Sec. of Navy send
Commodore Dewey. Destroys Spanish Navy-Manila
Bay Cuba Havana Harbor Kettle and San Juan
Hill Battle of Santiago Bay
Spanish-American War
4 months of war -Splendid little war 250
million and over 2,000 soldier deaths (mostly
from yellow fever) Spain gives up all claims to
Cuba, cede Puerto Rico and Guam to the
U.S. Philippines turned over to U.S. for 20
million. U.S. now has colonies of over 100,000
sq. miles and 10 million people.
Were opposed to empire
building- goes against American values and
beliefs. Opposed to annexing Philippines
and administration and pacification. U.S can not
be a democracy and an empire. Do not want a war
with Japan over Pacific territories.
Anti-Imperialists
After the War
Results of the War
33
Where and What
Causes
Who
Spanish policies in Cuba- Human rights- Butcher
Weyler U.S. Sympathy to Cuban rebels. de
Lome Letter Yellow Press (Journalism)
Sinking of the Maine Jingoism (Hawks)
Imperialism- U.S. power play
Economics- U.S. planters and
investors.
United States McKinley, T.Roosevelt and Rough
Riders, Buffalo Soldiers, Navy- Admiral
Dewey and Aquinaldo Pulitzer
and Hearst- Publishers Cuba
Spanish and General Weyler Cuban rebels
and Jose Marti
Philippines T. Roosevelt- Asst.Sec. of Navy send
Commodore Dewey. Destroys Spanish Navy-Manila
Bay Cuba Havana Harbor Kettle and San Juan
Hill Battle of Santiago Bay
Spanish-American War
Teller Amendment- After war Cuba would be
independent. Platt Amendment- Cuba 1) No
foreign powers allowed in 2) No high foreign
debts for Cuba 3) Lease Guantanamo Base to US
4) US would intervene in Cuba Foracker Act-
Puerto Rico- Colony and territory-
protectorate. Philippines- Revolt against US- 3
years pacification- Independence in 1946
4 months of war -Splendid little war 250
million and over 2,000 soldier deaths (mostly
from yellow fever) Spain gives up allclaims to
Cuba, cede Puerto Rico and Guam to the
U.S. Philippines turned over to U.S. for 20
million. U.S. now has colonies of over 100,000
sq. miles and 10 million people.
Were opposed to empire
building- goes against American values and
beliefs. Opposed to annexing Philippines
and administration and pacification. U.S can not
be a democracy and an empire. Do not want a war
with Japan over Pacific territories.
Anti-Imperialists
After the War
Results of the War
34
The Spanish-American War 1015
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Where and what
Causes
Who
Spanish-American War
After the War
Anti-Imperialists
Results of the War