10th American History

1
10th American History

• U.S. Foreign Policy History

2
Vocabulary for the Word Wall

• Foreign Affairs (Policy)
• Foreign policy is a set of political goals that
  seeks to outline how a particular country will
  interact with the other countries of the world.
  Foreign policies generally are designed to help
  protect a country's national interests, national
  security, ideological goals, and economic
  prosperity.
• Creating foreign policy is usually the job of the
  head of government and the foreign minister
  (State Department)
• International Relations

3
Imperialism

• Economic reasons- international trade and need
  for raw materials from Asia, Africa and Latin
  America
• Military reasons- to defend their shores and
  protect their trade interests
• Ideology
• 1- Nationalism- enhancing a nations power and
  prestige.
• 2- Cultural superiority- Social Darwinists
  believed in this. Social responsibility to
  civilize less developed countries.

4
Imperialism

• Manifest Destiny- expand westward to the Pacific,
  and beyond the shoreline
• Hawaii- trade, sugar, bayonet constitution and
  annexation
• China- trade, Treaty of Wanghia 1844- gave U.S.
  most favored nation status, Spheres of
  Influence, Open-Door Policy and Boxer Rebellion
• Japan- trade, Commodore Matthew Perry, and the
  Treaty of Kanagawa.

5
Spanish American War

• Cuban Unrest
• Yellow Journalism
• Reasons-
• Maine Explosion- Remember the Maine
• De Lome Letter
• U.S. Sugar interests
• U.S. sympathy to the rebel cause and the evil
  Spanish
• Jingoes (Hawks) and the pressure on President
  McKinley
• Outcome
• Teller Amendment on Cuban Independence and Rough
  Riders and San Juan Hill
• U.S. receives Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and
  Philippines in exchange it gives Spain 20
  million.
• U.S. now has over seas territories, bases for
  trade and navy.
• Annexation of Philippines and three years of
  revolution. (Independence in 1946)
• Anti-Imperialist League 1898- imperialism is a
  violation of the foundation of American self
  government.
• Platt Amendment- Cuba (Guantanamo, Protectorate)
  Foraker Act 1900- Puerto Rico.

6
T.R. Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson

• Roosevelt and Latin America
• Walk softly and carry a big stick
• Great White fleet
• Helping Panama to get independence
• Building the Panama Canal
• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
• Tafts Dollar Diplomacy
• Promoting American interests in other countries
• Using economic power to achieve American policy
  goals.
• Wilsons Moral Diplomacy
• Rejection of dollar diplomacy
• Use of persuasion and American ideals to advance
  the nations interest abroad.
• Wilson and the Mexican Revolution
• President Wilson would not recognize the de facto
  government of Gen. Huerta
• Wilson used armed force against Mexico in
  Veracruz and against Poncho Villa
• Rise of tariffs

7
U.S. and the Panama Canal

• U.S. interest in the Canal
• Offering Columbia 10 million and 250,000
  annually. Rejected
• Panamas revolution against Columbia
• Building the Canal

8
World War I

• M.A.I.N.E.- European causes for the war.
• U.S. neutrality
• Reasons for the U.S. entrance into the war.
• America in World War I
• America in Post World War I
• Wilsons fourteen points
• Treaty of Versailles
• League of Nations
• Impact of World War I

9
1st Red Scare

• Communist revolution in Russia- 1917 and the rise
  of the Bolsheviks
• Fear of the Reds- communists who promoted the
  violent overthrow of the U.S. government.
• U.S. Communist parties formed
• Bombings- through the mail.
• Palmer raids deportation and incarceration.

10
Lingering Effects of World War I

• War Debts owed to the U.S.
• 10 Billion owed by Allies to U.S.
• Fordney-McCumber Tariff made repayment hard.
• Reparation payments by Germany
• Washington Naval Conference- 4 Power, 5 Power and
  9 Power treaties.
• Agreement to cut back on size of navies
• Avoid competition for China
• Ending the Arms Race and establishing Peace?
• Kellogg-Briand Pact- high ideals- Peace signed
  by 60 nations. But no system of enforcement,
  just a promise.

11
Effect of Great Depression on World

• Fragile European Economies still recovering from
  WWI.

12
World War II

• Isolationism, Pacifism, and Neutrality Act
• Roosevelts Quarantine Speech
• Cash and Carry
• Lend-Lease
• Atlantic Charter
• Attack on Pearl Harbor
• Mobilization

13
World War II

• U.S. in World War II- European Theater
• Atlantic
• North Africa
• Europe
• Holocaust
• V-E Day and Nuremberg Trials
• U.S. in World War II- Pacific Theater
• Island Hopping and Gen. Douglas MacArthur
• Yalta conference
• Potsdam conference
• President Truman and the Atomic Bomb
• V-J Day.

14
Cold War

• The Spread of Communism and the Iron Curtain
• Truman and the Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift
• NATO
• United Nations- 1945-
• Peace
• Human Rights
• Trade and economic development (IMF and GATT)

15
Cold War

• 2nd Red Scare after World War II
• Soviets Possess atomic weapons
• Communists had gained control of China- Mao
• H.U.A.C- House Un-American Activities Committee.
  (And the Hollywood 10)
• Truman and the Loyalty Plan
• Spy Cases
• Senator Joseph McCarthy

16
Korea

• Korea before the war.
• How it started.
• Role of the U.S. and the U.N.
• Pusan and Inchon
• MacArthur and his firing
• Fighting ends
• Peace- Stalemate and Demilitarized Zone- 38th
  parallel.

17
Eisenhower

• Cold War
• Brinkmanship
• Massive Retaliation
• Nikita Khrushchev
• Warsaw Pact and the Hungarian uprising
• Summit Meeting- U.S. and Soviets
• Cold War Hot spots
• Vietnam and SEATO
• Middle East, Suez Canal, METO and Eisenhower
  Doctrine
• Cold War Worries
• Atomic Anziety- Hydrogen Bomb, Arms Race, new
  bombs and technology
• Space Race-Sputnik, Explorer and NASA.
• Civil Defense
• Limited Test-Ban Treaty
• Military-Industrial Complex

18
President Kennedy

• Bay of Pigs- invasion of Cuba
• Cuban Missile Crisis and its effects
• Berlin Crisis- The Wall and its significamce
• Peace Corps
• Alliance for Progress
• Flexible response- strengthening conventional
  force to give alternative to nuclear weapons.
• Space Program

19
LBJ Foreign Policy

• Johnson Doctrine- not allow the establishment of
  a communist dictatorship- the U.S. would
  intervene
• Pueblo Incident- North Korea
• Vietnam- Increasing U.S. involvement- Tonkin Gulf
  Resolution.
• Air War, Ground War, Mobilization,
• Public Opinion- Media effect Hawks and Doves
  anti-war movement
• Turning Point- Tet Offensive and credibility gap
  Johnson refuses to run again.

20
Vietnam War

• Ho Chi Minh and Vietminh
• After WWII-
• 1st Indochina War- Vietminh v. French
• Domino Theory
• Geneva Conference and the 17th parallel
• Civil War- South Vietnam v. Vietcong
  (NLF-communists)
• Ngo Dinh Diem- President of South Vietnam
• U.S. involvement- The Domino Theory
• Kennedy- Military advisors and Green Beret with
  ARVN
• Casualties rose
• Diem overthrown
• LBJ and the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
• Air War- bombing- Operation Rolling Thunder
• Ground War- guerilla, pacification,
  Vietnamization, Search and Destroy, Tunnels
• Mobilization- The Draft, Medical, Materials
• Public Opinion- media, Hawks and Doves, Anti-War
  Movement, Credibility Gap
• Tet Offensive and its affects and war critics
• Peace Initiatives

21
Vienam and Nixon

• Vietnam
• Vietnamazation and bringing the troops home.
• Bombing and invasions of Laos and Cambodia- The
  Madman theory to stop the war.
• Increasing Protests- Kent State, Weathermen and
  My Lai Massacre and Pentagon Papers
• Legacy of Vietnam- Khmer Rouge, domino theory,
  environmental damage, dead, refugees, effects on
  veterans.
• War Powers Act 1973

22
Nixon Foreign Policy

• Henry Kissinger and Realpolitik
• Détente
• Nixon in China and the U.S.S.R. (S.A.L.T.)
• Middle East
• Yom Kippur War- Egypt, Syria and Jordan v.
  Israel.
• Oil Embargo and O.P.E.C.
• Kissinger and Shuttle Diplomacy

23
Ford Foreign Policy

• Foreign policy limited by Vietnam experience.
• Helped nearly 250,000 escape Vietnam, but
  Congress would allow little more.
• Congress refused to allow Ford to aid anti-Castro
  forces in Cuba.
• Cargo Ship Mayaguez siezed by Cambodia- Ford
  sent military raid.
• Kissinger, Détente, and reduction of arms with
  Soviet Union.
• U.S./Soviet joint space project- Docking in
  space.

24
Carter Foreign Policy

• No real personal experience in foreign affairs.
• Committed to human rights
• Soviets- SALT II
• Panama Canal Treaties
• Formally recognized Communist Peoples Republic
  of China
• Camp David Accords- Israel and Egypt
• Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
• Iranian Hostage Crisis
• Events in Iran disrupted the production of oil
  and prices shot up.

25
Reagan Foreign Policy

• Cold War
• The Evil Empire- Soviet Union and relations
  worsened
• Reagan increased military spending
• Strategic Defense Iniative- SDI or Star Wars
• Soviet Union weakening- Gorbachev believes only
  way to salvage the Soviet economy was to strike a
  deal with the U.S.
• INF Treaty- destruction of a whole class of
  weapons.
• Solidarity in Poland
• Latin American civil wars- El Salvador and
  Nicaragua.
• Lebanon- PLO, Israel, Christian, U.S. Marines
  suicide bombed.
• Grenada and victory
• End of Apartheid in South Africa

26
George H.W. Bush Foreign Policy

• Collapse of the Soviet Union
• Gorbachev- glasnost and perestroika
• Eastern European Communist government crumble.
• Berlin War- Mr. Gorbachev, Tear down this wall.
  Gates opened 1989s and wall comes down.
• Soviet republics began to declare independence.
• 1991- START I 1993- START II
• China- Tiananmen Square massacre- democracy
  crushed.
• Panama- Operation Just Cause
• 1st Persian Gulf War- Operation Desert Storm
• Nelson Mandela and South Africa
• Sent Troops into Somalia

27
Clinton Foreign Policy

• Successes in the Middle East- Oslo Accords
• Somalia- Clinton withdrew forces
• Clinton did not sent in help to stop the genocide
  in Rwanda.
• Haiti- troops sent in to bring peaceful political
  change.
• Former Yugoslavia- Dayton Accords to end fighting
  in Bosnia and Herzegovina and stop serbs.
• NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement- no
  tariff barriers between U.S. , Canada and Mexico.

28
George W. Bush Foreign Policy

• Felt Troops should be used to fight and win war.
  Military needs to be prepared.
• Cancelled the 1972 ABM Treaty- Danger now from
  Terrorist state.
• Promised to develop missile defense system.
• Worked for better relations with Russia and
  China.
• Critical of North Korea and its buildup of
  nuclear weapons. Axis of Evil.
• Middle East Road map to peace- two state vision-
  Independent Palestinian state and Jewish State of
  Israel.
• Sept. 11, 2001 lead to the Department of Homeland
  Security, the War in Afghanistan, and Iraq.