Я-Proteobacteria

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ß-Proteobacteria

• Nikki Antonious
• Carol Ann Becker
• Mallory Longfield
• Meredith Rosenberger
• Melanie Schwer
• 3/25/09

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What is ß-Proteobacteria?

• Beta bacteria is a class in the phylum
  Proteobacteria which consists of
  chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs which
  gather nutrients from the decomposition of
  organic material.

http//www.eol.org/pages/3325
3
Characteristics

• Gram-negative bacteria
• Aerobic, rod- or cocci- shaped
• Responsible for nitrogen fixation in plants
• Oxidizing ammonium to produce nitrite for plant
  function
• Most move using flagella or bacterial gliding

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Mechanism of Infection

• Betaproteobacteria
• Most human pathogens invade epithelial cells
• Gram-negative cell wall
• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in outer membrane
• O polysaccharides act as antigens
• Lipid A endotoxin toxic upon entrance of hosts
  bloodstream or GI tract ? fever and shock
• Outer membrane acts as a barrier to some
  antibiotics (e.g. Penicillin) and digestive
  enzymes

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Gram Negative Cell Wall
Tortora, Funke, and Case. Microbiology An
Introduction.
6
Schematic
www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI223WebSiteF
iles/BetaProteobacteria.htm
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Thiobacillus

• Are sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (chemoautotrophic)
• Important in the sulfur cycle
• Obtain energy by oxidizing the reduced forms of
  sulfur into sulfate

www.amp.wpcamr.org/archives/date/2006/10
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Zoogloea

• Important in the context of aerobic
  sewage-treatment processes (e.g. sludge system)
• As they grow, they form fluffy, slimy masses that
  are imperative to the proper functioning of such
  systems

www.starcentral.mbl.edu
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Spirillium

• Mainly fresh water
• Motile by polar flagella, rather than axial
  filaments
• Relatively large microbe

www.lima.ohio-state.edu/.../biodiv/webbact.htm
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Route of Transmission

• Spirillum minus
• Rat-Bite Fever (RBF)
• acute febrile illness accompanied by a skin rash
• Sporadic cases have been reported in children
  without histories of direct rodent contact but
  who lived in rat-infested dwellings
• passed from rodent to human via the rodent's
  urine or mucous secretions

http//www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/le
ctures/lecture/ratfever.htm
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Sphaerotilus

• Sheathed bacteria
• Found in freshwater and in sewage
• Moves by polar flagella

http//www.environmentalleverage.com/Sphaerotilus_
natans.htm
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Burkholderia

• Reclassified from Pseudomonas
• Motile by a single polar flagellum
• Best known species is the aerobic, gram-negative
  rod Burkholderia cepacia.

www.web.mst.edu/.../Burkholderia_cepacia.html
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Clinical Importance

• Animal, human, and plant pathogens
• Found in soil and groundwater
• High mortality rate
• Potential biological warfare agents
• Pathogenic species include
• Burkholderia mallei which causes glanders
• Burkholderia pseudomallei which causes
  melioidosis and Burkholderia cepacia

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Burkholderia mallei

• Glanders
• Mainly a horse disease but can affect humans
• Illness includes localized, pus-forming cutaneous
  infections, pulmonary infections, bloodstream
  infections, and chronic suppurative infections of
  the skin
• Symptoms include fever, muscle aches, chest pain,
  muscle tightness and headache.

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Route of Transmission

• Introduced into horse populations by diseased or
  latently infected animals
• Transmitted to humans by direct contact with
  infected animals.
• The bacteria enter the body through the skin and
  through mucosal surfaces of the eyes and nose.
• Transmission is facilitated if the animals share
  feeding troughs or watering facilities or if they
  nuzzle each other

Burkholderia mallei
http//www.cdc.gov/nczved/dfbmd/disease_listing/gl
anders_gi.html http//www.vet.uga.edu/VPP/gray_boo
k02/fad/gla.php
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Glanders Treatment

• Initial intravenous therapy for 2-3 weeks
• Prevent reactivation by using oral combination
  antibiotic of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
  (TMP-SMX) aka Bactrim
• Mallein Serum injected in uninfected horses
  produces antibodies against P. mallei
• Allergic reactions due to hypersensitivity

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Clinical ImportanceBurkholderia pseudomallei

• Melioidosis (Whitmores Disease)
• Found in tropical climates
• Acute or chronic forms
• Diagnosed from the blood, urine, sputum, or skin
  lesions.
• Symptoms may include pain in chest, bones, or
  joints cough skin infections, lung nodules and
  pneumonia

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Route of Transmission

• Melioidosis
• Direct contact
• ingestion
• Inhalation
• through open wounds and skin abrasions.
• Human-to-human and animal-to-human transmission
  is rare but can occur after contact with blood or
  body fluids

Burkholderia pseudomallei colonies on a blood
agar plate.
http//www.cdc.gov/nczved/dfbmd/disease_listing/me
lioidosis_gi.html4 http//pathema.jcvi.org/pathem
a/b_pseudomallei.shtml
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Mechanism of Infection

• Causes ulcers in skin and nasal mucosa which can
  lead to septicemia
• Pili assist in adherence to mucosal epithelial
  surfaces
• Use phages to infect hosts
• Virulence factors include exotoxins,
  siderophores, and enzymes (lipases, catalases,
  proteases)
• Pathogenesis is poorly understood

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Clinical ImportanceBurkholderia cepacia

• Opportunistic pathogen
• Infects hospitalized patients
• Causes urinary tract and respiratory diseases
• Causes pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals
• Cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease
• Deteriorates lung function

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Pneumonia Treatment

• Intravenous treatment of multiple antibiotics
  using PICC line
• Vancomycin, tobramycin, meropenem, ciprofloxacin,
  and piperacillin.
• Inhaled therapy with antibiotics improves lung
  function
• Oral antibiotics help prevent infection or
  control ongoing infection

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Pneumonia Treatments for CF

• Physical Therapy
• Percussive therapy devices assist to dislodge
  secretions.
• Aerboic exercise- increases sputum clearance and
  improves cardiovascular and overall health
• Aerosolized medications
• Dornase alfa breaks down DNA in sputum
• Inhaled Albuterol increases airway size
• Bilevel positive airway pressure ventilators
  prevent low blood oxygen levels during sleep

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Neisseria

• Aerobic and gram-negative cocci
• Inhabit the mucous membranes of mammals
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• N. Meningitidis

http//bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/bingen_sama/
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Clinical Importance

• Pathogenic and nonpathogenic species
• Pathogenic
• N. gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhoea
• N. meningitidis causes meningitis and
  meningococcal septicaemia
• Nonpathogenic
• N. cinerea, N. mucosa, N. sicca, N. subflava

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Mechanism of Infection

• The only host for this bacteria is the human
• Infection via colonization of mucus membranes
• Attaches to host cell using fimbriae
• Immune system activation ? Release of protease ?
  Loss of Ab activity

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Clinical ImportanceN. gonorrhoeae

• A. Neisser in 1879
• High prevalence and low mortality
• Usually limited to superficial mucosal surfaces
  lined with columnar epithelium
• The areas most frequently involved are the
  urethra, cervix, rectum, pharynx, and conjunctiva
• Involves mucous membranes of the urethra
• Results in an abundant discharge of pus
• Apparent more in males than in the females

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(No Transcript)
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Route of Transmission

• Gonorrhea is spread through
• Sexual contact
• contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus.
• Mother to child
• child passes through the birth canal during
  delivery, causing eye infections
• Ejaculation does not have to occur for gonorrhea
  to be transmitted or acquired.

• http//www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhe
  a.htmHow
• http//www.herpes-coldsores.com/std/gonorrhea.htm
  Transmission

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Mechanism of Infection

• N. gonorrhoeae
• Main site of infection urethra in male, cervix
  in female
• LPS damages epithelial cells with cilia that are
  found in the fallopian tubes

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Pathogenesis of Gonorrhea
gsbs.utmb.edu
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Gonorrhoea Treatment

• Single large dose of antibiotics given orally or
  through injection
• Ampicillin, ciprofloxacin or penicillin
  (developed resistance)
• Renal transport mechanism that secretes
  penicillin into urine can be blocked for
  effectiveness in treatment.
• Probenecid
• Untreated can block fallopian tubes resulting in
  reduced fertility.

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Clinical ImportanceN. meningitidis

• Anton Weichselbaum in 1887
• Causes meningococcal meningitis
• Low prevalence and high mortality
• Inflammation the meninges of the brain or spinal
  cord
• Flu like symptoms which progresses to apnea,
  seizures, disturbances in motor tone, and coma
  may develop.

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Route of Transmission

• Direct contact with respiratory secretions
• saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus of an infected
  person
• Shaking hands with an infected person or touching
  something they have handled, and then rubbing
  your own nose or mouth.
• Found in the stool of persons who are infected
• small children who are not yet toilet trained
• adults changing the diapers of an infected infant

• http//www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral/viral-faqs.htm
  5

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Mechanism of Infection

• N. meningitidis
• bloodstream spread 1 entry can be respiratory
  tract, skin, or intestine
• Hyperemia
• Formation of fibrin
• Inflammatory cells

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Pathogenesis of Meningitis
www.nature.com/.../v4/n5/images/nrn1103-f1.jpg

• (1) Mucosal colonization, (2) Bloodstream
  invasion, (3) Multiplication, (4) Bacteremia
  crossing of the bloodbrain barrier, (5) Invasion
  of CNS and meninges, (6) Increased permeability
  of blood-brain barrier, (7) Pleocytosis, (8)
  Edema and increased intracranial pressure,
  (9)Release of proinflammatory compounds from
  infiltrated white blood cells and other host
  cells , Ultimately, (10) Neuronal injury

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Meningococcal meningitis Treatment

• Antibiotic treatment ASAP after performing lumbar
  puncture.
• Pencillin is first choice, if resistant use
  ceftriaxone.
• Initial empiric antibiotics and addition of
  ampicillin for those with Listeria pathogen.
• Chemoprophylaxis can interrupt transmission to
  those who are at highest risk of carrying the
  pathogenic strains.
• Eradicate using rifampin, quinolones,
  ceftriaxone.
• Recommended vaccine for 4/5 strains A,C, Y and
  W135 for young children.
• Still developing vaccine for B strain
• Surgical intervention for complications

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Bordetella

• Non-motile
• Bordetella pertussis
• cause of pertussis, also known as whooping cough

http//strbio.biochem.nchu.edu.tw/classes/biochem-
II/microbes/cells_pics.htm
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Clinical Importance Bordetella pertussis

• Affects the respiratory passages
• Vaccine-preventable
• Infects humans
• Highly contagious
• Three stages
• Catarrhal
• Paroxymal
• Convalscent

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Route of Transmission

• Whooping Cough
• person to person through tiny drops of fluid from
  an infected person's nose or mouth
• via respiratory aerosol droplets
• fomites

http//kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_
viral/whooping_cough.html
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Mechanism of Infection

• Colonizes and grows on only the ciliated mucus
  membranes of the respiratory tract
• Adhere to cilia of bronchial epithelium via pili
  destroy cells
• Produces numerous endotoxins
• Pertussigen interferes with cell surface
  receptors
• Adenylate cyclase inhibits immune effector cell
  function
• Tracheal cytotoxin immobilizes cilia
• Hemagglutin attachment to host epithelial cells

www.ues.ac.uk
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Pathogenesis
gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/images/fig31_4.JPG
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Whooping Cough Treatment

• Erythromycin administered early to prevent
  coughing stage.
• Hospitalization may be required for infants
• Suction to remove secretions from upper nose and
  upper respiratory tract.
• Lots of fluids to prevent dehydration and
  maintain nutrition.
• Universal immunization that includes diptheria,
  tetanus, and aceullar pertussis.
• 5 doses by 7th birthday.

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References

• Chandrasoma, Parakrama and Clive R. Taylor
  (1991). Concise pathology. Englewod Cliffs
  Prentice Hall.
• Chamberlain, Neal, R. Lymphoreticular and
  Hematopoetic Infections 2003
• lthttp//www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/
  lectures/lecture/ratfever.htmgt
• Department of Health and Human Sciences. Centers
  for Disease Control and Prevention Glanders
  (Burkholderia mallei) 2008
• lthttp//www.cdc.gov/nczved/dfbmd/disease_listing/
  glanders_gi.htmlgt
• Department of Health and Human Sciences. Centers
  for Disease Control and Prevention Gonorrhea
  2008
• lthttp//www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrh
  ea.htmHowgt
• Department of Health and Human Sciences. Centers
  for Disease Control and Prevention Melioidosis
  2008
• lthttp//www.cdc.gov/nczved/dfbmd/disease_listing/
  melioidosis_gi.html4gt
• Department of Health and Human Sciences. Centers
  for Disease Control and Prevention Meningitis
  (Meningococcal Disease) 2008
• lthttp//www.cdc.gov/meningitis/gt
• Finger, Horst, Carl Heinz Wirsing von Koenig.
  Bordetella. lthttp//gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch031
  .htmgt.
• Gilbert, R.O. B.V.Sc. College of Veterinary
  Medicine, Cornell University. Foreign Animal
  Diseases, Glanders
• lthttp//www.vet.uga.edu/VPP/gray_book02/fad/gla.p
  hpgt
• Hagebock, Joyce. Serologic responses to the
  mallein test for glanders in solipeds. 1993.
  lthttp//jvdi.org/cgi/reprint/5/1/97.pdfgt
• lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosisAnt
  ibiotics_to_treat_lung_diseasegt

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References (Contd)

• Health Central Network. Whooping Cough.
  2001-2009. lthttp//www.healthscout.com/ency/68/699
  /main.htmlTreatmentofWhoopingCoughgt
• Image. Betaproteobacteria. http//www.eol.org/pa
  ges/3325
• Kwang, Sik Kim (2003). Pathogenesis of bacterial
  meningitis from bactaeremia to neuronal injury.
  Nature Reviews Neuroscience. (4) 376-385.
• ltwww.nature.com/.../v4/n5/fig_tab/nrn1103_F1.html
  gt.
• Medscape. Meningococcal Meningitis Treatment
  and Medication. 2004-2009. lthttp//emedicine.meds
  cape.com/article/1165557-treatmentgt
• National Health Service. Treating Gonorrhoea.
  2007. lthttp//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Gonorrhoea/Pag
  es/Treatmentpg.aspx?urlPages/What-is-it.aspxgt
• Sexually Transmitted Disease Resource.
  Gonorrhea 2008
• lthttp//www.herpes-coldsores.com/std/gonorrhea.ht
  mTransmissiongt
• Summer, Elizabeth J., Jason J. Gill, Chris Upton,
  Carlos F. Gonzalez, and Ry Young (2007). Role of
  phages in the pathogenesis of Burkholderia or
  Where are the toxin genes in Burkholderia
  phages? Curr Opin Microbiol. 10(4) 410-417.
  lthttp//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fc
  gi?artid2064068 gt.
• Rollins, D M. Pathogenic Microbiology. 2006.
• lthttp//www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI22
  3WebSiteFiles/BetaProteobacteria.htmgt
• The Institute of Genomic Research. Pathema,
  Bioinformatics Research Center. Burkholderia
  pseudomallei 2006.
• http//pathema.jcvi.org/pathema/b_pseudomallei.sh
  tml
• Tortora, Gerard, Berdell, Funke, and Christine
• Case. Microbiology An Introduction. San
  Francisco Benjamin Cummings, 2005