PIA 3090

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PIA 3090

• Comparative Public Administration

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Week 3

• Historical Models, Contemporary Models and
  Socio-Economic Change

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Presentations

• Golden Oldies
• Literary Maps

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Overview

• The Public Sector and the Economy
• Debates Over Development Management
• The European Model, North Atlantic Unity and
  Japan
• Comparative Public Administration Issues

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Ideology as Social Science
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The Public Sector and the Economy

• Reminder
• Karl Marx- The Other German-
• Source of ideas about the developmental state.
  Marx as a Social Scientist not an Ideologue. The
  contemporary of Max Weber

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Karl Marx Another Five Minutes

• a.. Original Marxian views- State as the
  instrument of the ruling classes
• b. The dialectic and Historical Materialism
• c. Model (John Armstrong- The Conservative
  Marxist)
• -Thesis
• -Antithesis
• -Synthesis

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Dialectic

• Thesis Antithesis
• Synthesis

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Class Conflict Four Epochs

• Slavery
• Feudalism
• Capitalism
• Socialism
• e. Functionaries as the petty bourgeoisie
• f. Communism- state and the bureaucracy whither
  away

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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)(April 22 1870  
January 21, 1924)
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Command Economy- Revised by Lenin

• Under socialism, government, the bureaucracy
  should manage the economy
• The development of an elaborate national planning
  system
• Keynes- Failure of market

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Command Economy

• The debate Keynesianism and European Socialism
  (the Rose)- How much is this part of Command
  Economy Framework? (Guy Peters)
• Development Administration Command Economics in
  the Third World? (Heady, Riggs vs. Vincent and
  Eleanor Ostrom)

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Debate over the Economy

• 1. The International Contemporary State
  Continental Europe vs. the U.S. or the U.K.
• 2. Adam Smith, "the hidden hand" and Classical
  Economics- An Anglo-Saxon View
• 3. Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union
  Command Economy (whole or part)

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Adam SmithJune 5, 1723  July 17, 1790
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Continental Europe

• Counter-influence of St. Simonism- an
  interventionist view (See John Armstrong).
• the era of abundance could be attained certainly
  and quickly. The guaranteed means were
  applications of science and technology to
  unrestricted mastery of nature.
• Count de Saint-Simon
• 1760-1825

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Count Henri de Saint-simon
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Social Democracy

• The Rose
• Socialism and the Rise of Labor in Europe
• The Second International

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American Activism vs. European Socialism (U.S.
Social Democratic Party)
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Were All Keynesians NowFriday, Dec. 31, 1965
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Unification of the North Atlantic- 1930s-1970s-
The Primacy of Keynesianism

• 1. Monetary Policy
• 2. Fiscal Policy
• 3. Wage and Price controls

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The Functions of Government under Keynesian
Control

• 1. Traditional- police and law and order
• 2. National Defense
• 3. Social Services- Education and Health and
  Welfare
• 4. Resource Mobilization

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The Functions of Government under Keynesian
Control- Continued

• 5. Economic Growth generation
• 6. LDCs and Modernization Theory Agraria vs.
  Industria (Turner and Holm)
• 7.The challenge of Public Choice, rationalism
  and the University of Chicago School
  Neo-Orthodoxy- less influence outside of the
  Anglo-Saxon world

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Agraria vs. Industria
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Breaktime

• Ten Minute Break

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Chalmers JohnsonAuthor of the Week (Japan and
Economic Development)
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Prologue Two quotes

• "There are several ways in which the government
  has influenced the structure of Japan's special
  institutions."1
• "What is lawful and therefore is unlawful,
  depends on the culture and the country in
  question."2
• 1 Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese
  Miracle (Stanford Stanford University Press,
  1982), p. 14.
• 2 Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption
  (Berkeley University of California Press, 1988),
  p. 3.

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Japan and Ministry of International Trade and
Industry (MITI)

• Asian Model
• Corporatist- Inter-meshing of state and Private
  Sector
• Management (not Political) Focus
• Growth and Export
• Model for Asian Tigers

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Ministry of International Trade and Industry

•  
• Block 10, Government Offices Complex, Jalan
  Duta,50622 KL, MalaysiaTel no 603-6203
  3022Fax no 603-6201 2337Emailwebmiti_at_miti.gov.
  my

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Fred Warren Riggs, 90, University of Hawaii at
Manoa, professor emeritus of political science,
passed away on February 9, 2008
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Riggs Life

• Professor Riggs was born in Kuling, China on
  July 3, 1917, the son of agricultural missionary
  parents Charles H. and Grace (Frederick) Riggs. 
  He attended Nanking University, 1934-35.

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Comparative Public Administration Issues

• a. The politics-administration dichotomy
• b. Environmental and cultural factors are
  important. Ecology as an issue
• c. Bureaucracy as a Negative? Keep government
  out of people's lives

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ISSUES

• d. Comparative as a method- structural-functiona
  list
• e. Systemic influence on the individual- role
  definition, socialization and development of
  organizations vs. institutions

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Comparative Methods
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Development Administration C.A.G.- Focus on
comparative and development administration. Bad
reputation

• Foundations and CAG- chalets in Italy to discuss
  administrative and political development
• US AID and Universities- 3 out of every 4 dollars
  never left the U.S. Now .93 never leaves.
• Post-Vietnam and Iran

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CAG Contined

• NIPAs, staff colleges and IDMs spring up all over
  Africa and Asia
• After 1975/80- Foundations pulled the plug
• CAG End of Ford grant, 1974
• Post-Vietnam syndrome Withdrawals, Ayatollas,
  now nine-one-one
• End of Development as a consensus
• Northern Tier goal

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THEORY Civil Society vs. State

• DEBATES
• John D. Montgomery vs. Milton Esman

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End of Macro-Approach

• 1.The Macro Approach No Longer In Vogue (except
  with Ferrel Heady)
• a. Systems building from Almond to Riggs
• b. Almond's functions and Easton's black boxes
• c. Theme- Look at common functions- focus on
  INSIDE processes of executive government

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End of Macro-Approach

• 2. Things often done by different structures and
  processes
• Key- Who makes rules
• - who carries out, implements
• 3. Critics Lack of systems level theory

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The Situation in 1983Modified "traditional
Approach"- A Micro and Meso level approach

• a. Most like an "orthodoxy" of public
  administration
• b. Comparative Study of
• 1. Parts of the System- budgeting, personnel,
  inter-governmental relations, policy process
• 2. Or whole systems- Britain vs. France, U.S.
  vs. Russia, Botswana vs. Tanzania- Not
  Comparative

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Middle Range Theory

• a. Problem- largely non-theory
• b. Focus on specific relationships eg.
  bureaucracy and political and moral variables
  within a country
• c. Mostly case studies- Egypt, Botswana, the
  U.S. All the same method. "The Case Study"

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Robert King Merton July 4, 1910 - February 23,
2003
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The Situation in 1989

• c. Often turns out to be very specific i.e.
  focused institutions
• 1. Ombudsman
• 2. Auditor General
• 3. Territorial Governor as rep. of national
  authority- the Prefectoral system
• d. The Problem Comparative studies of
  institutions are very expensive-run out of
  money/go back to case studies

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From 1989-2001

• End of Cold War
• Application of Structural Adjustment to Socialist
  Countries
• September 11
• Democracy and Governance

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SICA- The Current Generation Public-Private
Partnerships

• Jennifer Brinkerhoff George Washington
  University

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2001-Present

• Micro-Issues
• Debate about Whole of Government
• Public-Private Partnerships
• Contracting Out
• Three Ds Diplomacy, Defense and Development

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Mock Question

• According to Johnson, "There are several ways in
  which the government has influenced the structure
  of Japan's special institutions."1 Assess the
  Asian Model from a Comparative Public Management
  Perspective. What Socio-Economic Systems does
  Chalmers Johnson identify? How do they relate to
  the state? How has government grown according to
  Peters?
• 1 Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese
  Miracle (Stanford Stanford University Press,
  1982), p. 14.