Chapter 14: Western Expansion

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Chapter 14 Western Expansion the Rise of the
Slavery Issue

• Preview The expansion of the United States to
  the Pacific was a process involving many
  overlapping and diverse frontiersof cultures,
  peoples, and even animals and disease.Ominously,
  the acquisition of new lands also reopened the
  debate over slavery and the Union.
• The Highlights
• Manifest (and not so Manifest) Destinies
• The Trek West
• The Political Origins of Expansion
• New Societies in the West
• Escape from Crisis

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Learning Outcomes Expansion

• Understand the fluid nature of the new 19th
  century frontier
• Comprehend the complex nature of U.S. Mexican
  relations and the consequences of Mr. Polks
  War
• Be able to describe the climate of opinion in the
  nation on the slavery question in 1850

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The Age of Expansion

• The Far West
• Borderlands
• Trails of Trade
• Settlement
• Manifest Destiny
• The Texas Revolution
• The Texas Republic

Rocky Mountains Emigrants crossing the plains -
1866 Currier and Ives
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The Age of Expansion

Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way
(Westward Ho!) Edward Leutze, 1861
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John Gast Manifest Destiny, 1872 (Library of
Congress)
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Manifest ( Not So Manifest) Destinies

• The Roots of the Doctrine
• Many Americans believe their country has a divine
  mission
• Americans believe their social economic system
  should spread globally
• The Mexican Borderlands
• California society San Diego, Santa Barbara,
  Monterey, San Francisco
• ranchero families dominate New Mexico society

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• The Texas Revolution
• American immigration to Texas
• Cultural conflict between Mexicans American
  immigrants
• Texas War for Independence, March 2, 1836
  proclamation, independence achieved at San
  Jacinto in April
• The Texas Republic
• The Republic of Texas constitution prohibits
  interfering with slavery
• Texan independence free land offered settlers
• Jackson recognizes Texas Republic, Van Buren
  ignores
• Mexico refuses to recognize Texan independence

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The Trek West

• The Overland Trail
• Migration west excludes elderly and poor
• Trips lasts about 6 months
• Women on the Overland Trail
• Breakdown of womens traditional role
• Womens sense of loss of home stability
• Indians the Trail Experience
• Pressures on the Plains Indians
• Fort Laramie conference

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The Political Origins of Expansion

• Tylers Texas Ploy
• Tyler breaks with Whigs
• The Texas movement, 1844 Treaty
• Van Overboard
• Polk nominated by the Democrats, 1844
• Polk wins narrow victory over Clay

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The Age of Expansion

• Manifest Destiny the Mexican War
• Tyler and Texas
• Polk annexation the Oregon question
• War with Mexico
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Settlement or Conquest ?

1821
1848
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• To the Pacific
• Tyler hoped to gain San Diego, San Francisco, and
  Puget Sound
• Oregon Territory divided along the 49th parallel
• The Mexican War
• Disputed boundary of Texas
• Slidell sent to Mexico to try to buy territory to
  the Pacific
• Opposition to the War
• War poses a dilemma for Whigs
• Sentiment for the war is weaker in the East

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The status of slavery in the territories became
more than an abstract question when the Senate in
1848 ratified the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo.With the United States in control of the
Pacific Coast from San Diego to Puget Sound,
Polks continental vision had become a reality.

• The Price of Victory
• Conquest of Mexico
• Brought slavery issue to the center of national
  politics
• The Rise of the Slavery Issue
• Northern discontent
• Wilmot Proviso
• Peace treaty with Mexico

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The Age of Expansion

• Westward Expansion New Societies
• The Gold Rush
• San Francisco
• Migration from China
• The Mormons in Utah Temple City

Salt Lake City in 1853
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New Societies in the West

• Farming in the West
• Evolution of western society
• Wealth became concentrated
• The Gold Rush
• Life in the mining camps
• Women in the camps
• Nativist racial prejudices
• Environmental impact of mining

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• Instant City San Francisco
• San Franciscos chaotic growth
• Land prices soared, speculation was rampant, and
  commercial forces became paramount
• The Migration from China
• In 1860 San Francisco is 50 percent foreign-born
• Most Chinese who arrive come from Southern China
  around Canton

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• The Mormons in Utah
• State of Deseret established with Brigham Young
  as governor
• Polygamy
• Irrigation and community
• Temple City Salt Lake
• Salt Lake Citys orderly growth
• Sense of common purpose through religious and
  economic discipline
• Shadows on the Moving Frontier
• Hispanic-Anglo conflict
• Social banditry stealing from the wealthy to aid
  the poor

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The Age of Expansion

• Conflict or Consensus ?
• Shadows on the Moving Frontier
• Westward Expansion
• and the Rise of Slavery
• The Extension of Slavery
• The Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay
Daniel Webster
John C. Calhoun
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Escape from Crisis

• A Two-Faced Campaign
• Free Soil party antislavery coalition
• Different campaigns were run in the North and the
  South
• The Compromise of 1850
• Taylors plan
• Clays compromise
• Passage of the Compromise

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As the North became increasingly industrialized
and the South more firmly committed to an economy
based on cotton and slavery, the growing conflict
between the two sections would shatter the
Jacksonian party system, reignite the slavery
issue, and shake the Union to its foundation.

• Away from the Brink
• Rejection of secession
• Reaction to the fugitive slave law
• Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin (1852)

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Keywords and Terms

• Manifest Destiny
• borderlands
• Oregon Trail/Overland Trail
• free land
• Tejanos
• Forty-niners
• Young America
• John C. Freemont
• Nicholas P. Trist
• Webster-Ashburton Treaty
• great potato famine
• la frontera

• pioneers
• Californios
• Stephen F. Austin
• Sam Houston
• Zachery Taylor
• John Slidell
• Winfield Scott
• The Mormons
• Stephen A. Douglas
• Fugitive Slave Law
• Wilmot Proviso
• Compromise of 1850