Ancient Rome - Regents Review

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Rome
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Geography
Rome is located in Italy, which is a narrow
peninsula located in Europe.
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Geography
Italy is a peninsula bordered on 3 sides by
water, the Adriatic Sea, the Tyrrhenian Sea and
the Mediterranean Sea.
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Geography
In the north, are the Alps, the second highest
mountain range in Europe. These mountains
protected the Roman Empire from invaders.
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Geography
Another mountain range that runs from north to
south in Italy is the Apennines.
Alps
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Geography
Two of Italys most important rivers flow from
these two mountain ranges, the Tiber River and
the Po River.
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Geography
The valley around the river Po has a continental
climate. This means they have very warm, rainy
summers and winters that are near freezing.
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Geography
Off the coast of Italy are many islands. The
two biggest are Sicily and Sardinia.
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Roman Society and Culture
1900 BC Groups of Latin speaking people move
south from Central Europe to Italy and around
1500 BC there was a cluster of little village in
Rome, which is built on and around 7 hills.
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Roman Society and Culture
The location of Rome was desirable on the Tiber
River and the people in Rome could control trade
routes. It was also far enough inland to be
protected from invaders.
Seven hills of Rome
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The Aeneid
One of the greatest Roman poets was Virgil. His
poem, the Aeneid tells the story of the origin of
Rome.
Aeneas carries his father Anchises as they run
from Troy after the Greeks won the Trojan War.
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The Mythical Founding of Rome
Romulus Remus were twin boys raised by a wolf.
Romulus becomes the first king of Rome.
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Roman history can be divided into 3 periods.The
Monarchy, the Republic and the Empire.
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The Roman Monarchy 753 BCE - 509 BCE
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During the Monarchy period, Rome was first ruled
by kings.The first Latin king was named
Romulus.
The Monarchy
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Following Romulus were 6 more kings. The last
king was Tarquin the Proud, Last King of
Rome.Rome was a monarchy for over 200 years,
from about 753 BC to 590 BC.
The Monarchy
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Roman Wars in Italy
Around 600 BC, the Etruscans came to power. The
origins of the Etruscans are lost in prehistory,
but they controlled most of northern and central
Italy, including Rome until 509 BC, when Romans
rebelled and got rid of them.
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Roman Wars in Italy
In the year 590 BC, Rome was invaded by people
called Gauls. Rome fought 4 wars with the Gauls.
Rome won and the Gauls agreed to live in
Northern Italy and keep out of Rome.
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The Roman Republic 509 BCE - 27 BCE
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Roman Wars in Italy
Rome started fighting with their neighbors in
central Italy. The people they fought were called
the Samnites. They fought three wars. Rome
won. In this way, the city of Rome gained
control of all of northern and central Italy.
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Roman Wars in Italy
Next, the rulers of Rome decided they wanted to
kick Greece out of southern Italy. After the
death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC., the
Greeks and Romans fought several wars. Rome won
and gained control over the whole country of
Italy.
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Roman Wars in Italy
After the wars to get control of Italy, Rome
decided to conquer Carthage, a kingdom in
northern Africa.
Carthaginian Empire
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Roman Wars in Italy
Rome fought three wars with Carthage, called the
Punic Wars. Punic is a Latin word that means
Phoenician. The first Punic War was between Rome
and Carthage. Rome won Sicily.
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Roman Wars in Italy
Second Punic War Hannibal, Carthages great
general, wanted revenge and started the 2nd Punic
War. It lasted 20 years. The army Hannibal
trained had thousands of men, hundreds of
horses and about 60 elephants.
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Roman Wars in Italy
Hannibal crossed the Alps with a large army.
Many soldiers and animals died. Hannibal tried
to attack and conquer Rome, but he could not get
past the walls of the city.
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Roman Wars in Italy
Then, Rome decided to attack Carthage.
Carthage called Hannibal home to help protect
them, but it was too late. Rome conquered
Carthage.
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Roman Wars in Italy
After the third Punic War, Rome conquered
Carthage and took control of all the lands
that Carthage controlled along the
Mediterranean Sea.
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There were 3 levels of society in Rome
The patricians The plebeians
Slaves were at the bottom of society and
not counted as citizens.
The Roman Republic
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The Roman Republic
The patricians were wealthy landowners who held
most of the property, money and power.
The Patricians
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The Roman Republic
The plebeians were merchants, artisans, laborers,
soldiers and free farmers. They formed 90 of
the population, and although they were free, they
could not be elected to office, and had little
say in the government.
The Plebeians
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The Roman Republic
The slaves were mostly prisoners of war and
debtors who were sold into slavery to pay what
they owed. Their children were also slaves.
Slaves tend the hair of their mistress
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The Roman Republic
The plebeians did not like the system of
government and wanted certain basic rights. They
were ready to fight in 494 BC to get their rights
and there were so many plebeians that the
patricians were forced to give in to them. The
result was the Twelve Tables.
494 BC
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The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
The Twelve Tables were pieces of stone with
writing carved into them. The Twelve Tables
contained laws.
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The Twelve Tables
The benefit of having laws written down was that
the lawmakers couldn't change the law whenever
they felt like it.
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The Twelve Tables
Once a law was made public and carved into stone
the law was known to everyone. Also, a
lawbreaker could not protest that he did not know
something was against the law.
287 B.C. The plebeians and patricians were
finally equal under Roman laws.
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Roman Law
Roman laws and government have provided models
for our society. The Roman idea that the law is
higher than a person was basic. This meant that
no one was above the law from the poorest person
to the highest ruler.
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The Roman Republic
As the plebeians gained power, Rome became more
democratic.
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The Roman Republic
The government was ruled by two consuls, and one
of those consuls had to be a plebeian.
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The Roman Republic
The consuls could serve only one year, and each
consul could veto the other's decisions. Our word
veto is from the Latin word "I forbid".
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The Roman Republic
The consuls took care of the daily business of
the government. They got advice from the senate.
Though consuls changed each year, Senators were
chosen for life.
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Family Life
Roman life centered around the family. This
included extended relatives like grandparents.
The father was the head of the family.
Women had few legal rights. They could not vote,
hold office, and the husband owned the married
property, BUT, they had a lot of authority in the
home.
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Roman religion
The chief god is Jupiter. His wife was named
Juno. The month of June is named after her. They
are very similar to the Greek gods Zeus and Hera.
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Roman religion
Mars (Greek god Ares) is the god of war and Ceres
(Greek goddess Demeter)is the goddess of crops
the word cereal comes from her name.
Ceres
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Roman religion
Saturn is the god of the harvest and the feast of
Saturnalia is held every December. It is similar
to Christmas and they gave out gifts during
Saturnalia.
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Janus is a two faced god of gates, doors,
doorways, beginnings and endings. January is
named after him. The word janitor also, as a
person who is a caretaker of doors and halls.
Roman religion
Janus
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The Roman alphabet
The Romans borrowed the idea of an alphabet from
the Etruscans, who had borrowed it from the
Greeks. The Greeks had borrowed their alphabet
from the Phoenicians. So, the Romans built upon
the ideas of other civilizations and today we
still use the Roman alphabet.
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The Latin Language
Many of the countries that Rome conquered adopted
their language, which was called Latin.
Eventually, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal,
Romania, and Latin America all developed their
own language which was based on Latin. They are
known as the Romance languages.
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As the Roman Republic grew larger, it became
harder to control and army generals began to take
charge of different provinces. The republic
system of government could not control the
empire.
Civil War and Dictators
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Civil War and Dictators
In 46 BC, a strong general named Julius Caesar
took control of the Roman Empire and declared
himself ruler of Rome.
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Julius Caesar
He wanted fame and glory, but he also wanted
peace for Rome. He gave Roman citizenship to
all the people he conquered, offered free land
to poor Romans who were willing to move to parts
of the Roman empire
that were
unsettled and reformed the calendar.
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Julius Caesar
However, he angered the patricians in the senate
who plotted to kill him. On March 15, called the
Ides of March, he was stabbed to death.
Beware the Ides of March!March 15, 44 BCE
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The Roman Empire 27 BCE - 476 CE
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The Emperors
Although Julius Caesar grabbed power and made
himself a dictator, he was not the first emperor.
His nephew, Octavian became the first emperor,
taking the name Augustus, which means honored.
So, Octavian was called Caesar Augustus.
Caesar Augustus
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The Rise of Christianity
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The Rise of Christianity
Jesus was born in the Roman Empire during the
rule of Caesar Augustus. When Caesar Augustus
died around 14 AD, Tiberius was emperor. Jesus
died under emperor Tiberius.
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The Rise of Christianity
Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus was the second
Roman Emperor, from the death of Augustus in AD
14 until his own death in 37 AD.
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The Great Extent of the Roman Empire around the
time of Jesus
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The Rise of Christianity
According to the gospels - written after Jesus
died - Jesus did not begin preaching until he
was thirty. He walked around
and taught people for 3 years, until he got in
trouble with the Romans.
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The Rise of Christianity
The Romans had heard of this man called Jesus who
told people how to live and enter the kingdom of
heaven.
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The Rise of Christianity
The Romans thought Jesus planned to overthrow the
government with his talk about kingdoms, and they
had him arrested and sentenced to death by
crucifixion.
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The Rise of Christianity
Christianity grew because it was very appealing
to the poor. Christianity viewed everyone as
equal. Jesus welcomed all people. He had a huge
following among the poor, the lowly and the
oppressed.
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The Rise of Christianity
After Jesus died, his followers spread
Christianity to many parts of the Roman Empire.
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The Rise of Christianity
The Romans were intolerant of this new religion
because the Christians would not honor their
gods. They began to persecute the Christians.
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The Rise of Christianity
So, followers of Jesus were arrested and put to
death because the Roman government thought they
were disloyal.
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The Rise of Christianity
Christianity was just a sect of the Jewish
religion until St. Paul spread Christianity
throughout the Mediterranean.
St. Paul
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The Rise of Christianity
Finally, the emperor Constantine converted to
Christianity in the year 312 AD and the
persecution of Christians stopped. He converted
the entire Roman Empire to Christianity.
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The Emperors
From the time of Octavian, the nephew of Julius
Caesar, called Caesar Augustus, and for the next
300 years, Rome was ruled by emperors.
Claudius, the 4rd Roman Emperor
Caligula, the 3rd Roman Emperor
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Roman Architecture
The Romans were great builders. Some of the
things they built were the Forum, the Coliseum,
the Pantheon, and aqueducts.
The Roman Forum
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Roman Architecture
The Roman Forum
The Forum was the center of Roman government and
was finished around the time of Caesar Augustus.
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Roman Architecture
The Coliseum, built between 70 and 80 AD
A stadium that could seat about 45,000 people
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Roman Architecture
The Coliseum Interior
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The Pantheon
Roman Architecture
The temple to the Roman gods built in 126 AD was
called the Pantheon.
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Roman Architecture
Roman Aqueducts built between 312 BC and 226 AD
They were long stone channels built to carry
clean water from nearby hills to the towns.
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Roman Roads
The Romans built roads to unite all the different
areas of their kingdoms.
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Roman Roads The Appian Way
The most famous road is called the Appian Way.
This road connected Rome with southern Italy.
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Diocletian Splits the Roman Empire in Two
Diocletian 294 CE
Constantine 312 - 337
The empire became so big, by 294 AD, that two
emperors ruled together, Diocletian and
Constantine.
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Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two 294 CE
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Constantine 312 - 337
When Diocletian died in 305 BC, Constantine
gained control of the empire and ruled the
Western and Eastern Roman empire together.
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Constantine 312 - 337
He built a new capital for the Roman Empire in
the ancient Greek city of Byzantium called
Constantinople (now called Istanbul).
Constantinople
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Constantine 312 - 337
Constantine is also the Roman emperor who became
a Christian, and he forced the whole empire to
convert to Christianity.
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The Barbarian Invasions
By around 400 AD, the Roman Empire was so big, it
was hard to control and rule.
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The Barbarian Invasions
A barbarian, in ancient times, was a member of
people whose culture and behavior was considered
uncivilized.
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The Barbarian Invasions
From about the year 100 AD, barbarian German
tribes had started to invade different Roman
provinces. In 476, they invaded the city of Rome
itself.
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The Barbarian Invasions
In 476 AD, the last Roman emperor, Romulus
Augustus, resigned. The Western Roman Empire
came to an end. By the beginning of the sixth
century, it was gone.
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Odoacer
Odoacer, a German, became the first barbarian
king of Italy. The date on which he assumed
power, 476, is traditionally considered the end
of the Western Roman Empire.
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Odoacers Kingdom