Scientific Revolution

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Chapter 9 10

• Scientific Revolution
• English and American Revolutions

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Famous scientific men

• Nicolaus Copernicus- believed that the Earth was
  round and that it rotated on its axis as it
  revolved around the Sun. The Sun stayed still at
  the center of the Universe. Started scientific
  career in Poland at the University of Krakow 1492
• Johannes Kepler- used Tycho Brahes mathematical
  data to prove Copernicus theories. Also believed
  that the planets traveled in ellipses
• Galileo Galilei- faced opposition to his
  theories, he reasoned that not all Heavenly
  bodies revolved around the Sun, Some planets did
  move around the Sun
• Isaac Newton- used scientific method as he
  studied. He discovered Gravity explaning why
  planets move .calculus

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Nicolaus Copernicus
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Tycho Brahe
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Tycho Brahe

• His astronomical achievements
• made a remarkable star catalogue of over 1000
  stars. This was not the biggest catalogue in the
  number of stars, but in accuracy. His
  improvements of methods and accuracy in
  observations was very significant. He proved that
  comets are not objects in the atmosphere. He
  showed irregularities in the moons orbit. His
  wall quadrant and other instrument became widely
  copied and lead to improved stellar instruments.
  Kepler used Tycho Brahe's observations when he
  constructed his famous laws of planetary
  movement.

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• Tycho's observations of the new star of 1572 and
  comet of 1577, and his publications on these
  phenomena, were instrumental in establishing the
  fact that these bodies were above the Moon and
  that therefore the heavens were not immutable as
  Aristotle had argued and philosophers still
  believed. The heavens were changeable and
  therefore the Aristotelian division between the
  heavenly and earthly regions came under attack
  (see, for instance, Galileo's Dialogue) and was
  eventually dropped. Further, if comets were in
  the heavens, they moved through the heavens. Up
  to now it had been believed that planets were
  carried on material spheres (spherical shells)
  that fit tightly around each other. Tycho's
  observations showed that this arrangement was
  impossible because comets moved through these
  spheres. Celestial spheres faded out of existence
  between 1575 and 1625

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Johannes Kepler
http//www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/johannes.htmlancho
r779268
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http//www.twingroves.district96.k12.il.us/Renaiss
ance/University/Galileo/Galileo.html
Galileo Galilei
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Galileo observed the moon through his telescope
and discovered that it had craters, mountains,and
valleys. He made several sketches of the moon's
features. Some of these sketches are still around
today
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Galileo used his telescope to observe the sun,
too. He discovered sunspots that drifted from one
side of the sun's disc to the other. He theorized
that the movement must be due to the rotation
ofthe sun. Galileo was not the first to observe
sunspots, however. The ancient Chinese noticed
sunspots when they observed the sun when it was
low on the horizon on misty mornings. Galileo's
blindness later in life was probably caused by
looking at the sun carelessly. Looking at the sun
for even a second through binoculars or a
telescope is very dangerous and could blind
you In addition to his other discoveries, Galileo
was the first to notice that Saturn had strange
"ears" or "handles". Much later, it was
discovered that they were rings. Galileo also
noticed that the Milky Way was made of stars
instead of being a homogenous band.
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http//www.gardenofpraise.com/ibdnewt.htm
Isaac Newton
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Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton

• Objects at rest will stay at rest and objects in
  motion will stay in motion in a straight line
  unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. 
• Force is equal to mass times acceleration. 
• For every action there is always an opposite and
  equal reaction. 

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The first law of motion An object remains still
in a state of rest or moves with a steady speed
in a straight line if forces do not act upon it .
If a ball is kicked in outer space it will move
steadily at the same speed as no forces act upon
it. If a ball is kicked on earth it will slowy
stop on the ground as friction,air resistance and
gravity act upon it.
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The second law of motion                        
                                    When a force
acts on an object it builds up speed related to
the magnitude of the force. When a ball is kicked
its speed is related to the force of the kick and
the weight of the ball. The ball also moves in
the direction of the kick. So a big heavy ball
would go slower than a small, light ball.
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The third law of motion                         
                                      If item A
releases a force on item B, item B always
releases the same force on item A. If two balls
travelling towards each other meet they will
bounce back off each other. The speed at which
they meet is the sum of the two balls speed. If a
person kicks up a ball, the moment they let go of
the ball the ball pushes down on them with equal
force of which they kicked the ball up. this is
shown if the person stands on scales.
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http//www.zephyrus.co.uk/andreasvesalius.html -
made it clear to his professors that because
Galens viewswere based on dissected apes and
dogs , his belief about human anatomy could not
be accepted as truth
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http//www.nd.edu/dharley/HistIdeas/Vesalius.html

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William Harvey discovered that the blood
circulates throughout the body , pumped by the
heart and returning through the veins
http//www.zephyrus.co.uk/williamharvey.html
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• Francis Bacon- helped develop the scientific
  method
• Scientific method- observation of facts,
  hupothesis, experimenting with hypothesis, law
• Robert hooke- discovered the cell
• Robert Boyle- took chemistry from its mystical
  orgins to est a pure science
• Joseph Priestley- discovered oxygen
• William Penn- founder of Pennsylvania, advocated
  an assembly of nations committed to world peace.
• Pacifism- opposition to war or violence as a
  means of settling disputes

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http//www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Phil
osophy/Bacon.htm
Francis Bacon
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Robert Hooke- Discovered the cell
http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html
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Robert Boyle helped establish the Pure science of
Chemistry
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Joseph Priestley
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Antoine Lavoisier probed the nature of air And
discovered that materials do not throw off
phlogiston when burned , But rather they consume
oxygen
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William Penn
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• Natural law- could be understood by applying
  reason
• Thomas Hobbes John Locke- believed in a social
  contract with the people and the right of people
  to overthrow an unjust Gov. right of people
• natural rights- rights belonging to all humans at
  birth
• Thomas Jefferson- Writer of Declaration of
  Independence

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John Locke Locke believed that people in a state
of nature are reasonable and moral , and that
they have natural rights- people create
governemnt to protect natural rights.. A gov.
functions best when its powers are limited
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Thomas Hobbes he used natural law to argue that
absolute monarchy was best form of Gov. He
believed that violence and disorder came
naturally to Human beings and without absolute
gov. chaos would exist
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Chapter 10

• English and American Revolutions

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Revolutionaries

• Divine Right- that monarchs derive the power
  directly from God
• Royalist- pro-monarchy groups
• Commonwealth- a state ruled by elected
  representatives
• James I- son of Elizabeth cousin Mary of Scots he
  spent too much of the peoples money on parties
• Purtians- they wanted to purify the church of
  England
• Charles I- son of James I, opposted the Purtians,
  wanted a war with Spain, he housed troops in
  private homes.

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Civil War in England

• At the death of Elizabeth I her cousins son Mary
  of Scots James I became King who was already King
  of Scotland. James Believed in divine right-
  (power from God).James weakness was spending too
  much money and asking Parliament for more.He even
  sold titles of nobility for money.He even tried
  to marry his son to a Spanish catholic priness.

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• King James I was a Christian who wanted the Bible
  in the hands of the common man. Commissioned the
  Authorized King James Bible in 1611.
• Fluent in Greek, Latin, French, English, and his
  native Scots. Schooled in Italian and Spanish
• Formed the foundation for what is now known as
  the British Empire by uniting warring tribes of
  Scotland and then enjoining the crowns of
  Scotland and England in 1603. First to call it
  Great Britain.
• King James was became King of Scotland in 1567
  when he was 13 months old and acceded to the
  English throne in 1603.
• Reformation leader John Knox read the sermon when
  he was crowned King.
• He endured racism as a Scot ruling over the
  English, nevertheless had the love and admiration
  of many subjects. Years after his death,
  detractors tried to sully his good name.
  Unfortunately, it continues today, yet KJV
  translators, yea the King himself had predicted
  such

http//www.jesus-is-lord.com/kingjame.htm
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King James VI I was a man of many firsts. He
designed the British flag in 1603 by combining
England's red cross of St. George with Scotland's
white cross of St. Andrew.
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http//www.jesus-is-lord.com/kjstuart.htm
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James I
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Mary of scots
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Religion and the Monarchy

• Many belonged to the church of England but
  disagreed about the doctrine and rituals of the
  church.. The purtians-they wanted the purify the
  church of remaining Catholic rituals and symbols.
  James viewed the criticism of the Church as being
  unloyal to the church.The Purtians came to the
  King with a petition to change the church he
  warned the Purtians if they did not conform he
  would force them out of the land. He also during
  his reign in 1604 had a translation of the Bible
  drawn up from Greek and the Hebrew this became
  known as the King James Bible.

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Charles I

• James I dies in 1625 , Charles I takes over.He
  opposed the puritians. H e married a catholic
  princess Henrietta Maria. He asked for Money to
  fight France and Spain Parliament refused to give
  him all of the money he dissolved Parliament and
  made Nobles give loans and when they refused he
  put them in jail. People also became angery with
  the Kings due to him making soldiers live in
  private homes. The King also placed some areas
  under Martial Law.

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• Charles believed in the divine right of kings and
  in the authority of the Church of England. These
  beliefs soon brought him into conflict with
  Parliament and ultimately led to civil war. He
  came under the influence of his close friend
  George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham, whom he
  appointed his chief minister in defiance of
  public opinion and whose war schemes in Spain and
  France ended ignominiously. Charles convoked and
  dissolved three Parliaments in four years because
  they refused to comply with his arbitrary
  measures including the demand that his subjects
  pay for military expenditures and imprisoning
  those who did not pay. When the third Parliament
  met in 1628, it presented the Petition of Right,
  a statement demanding that Charles make certain
  reforms in exchange for war funds. Charles was
  forced to accept the petition.

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• Parliament to pay for the war if the King would
  sign the Petition of rights-forbid the king from
  collecting taxes or force loans.He could not
  imprison someone with out just cause., troops
  could not live in private homes, Kings could not
  declare martial law unless at war. As soon as he
  received the money he promised to never call
  Parliament and refused to obey the petition of
  rights. He and the archbishop William Laud began
  persecuting Purtians. Thousands of Purtians
  left.(Great Migration) http//www.britannia.com/hi
  story/docs/petition.html

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Arch Bishop Laud
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• However, in 1629, Charles dismissed Parliament
  and had several parliamentary leaders imprisoned.
  Charles governed without a Parliament for the
  next 11 years. During this time forced loans,
  poundage, tonnage, ship money, and other
  extraordinary financial measures were sanctioned
  to meet governmental expenses.
• In 1637 Charles's attempt to impose the Anglican
  liturgy in Scotland led to rioting by
  Presbyterian Scots. Charles was unable to quell
  the revolt, and in 1640 he convoked the so-called
  Short Parliament to raise an army and necessary
  funds. This body, which sat for one month
  (April-May), refused his demands, drew up a
  statement of public grievances, and insisted on
  peace with Scotland. Obtaining money by irregular
  means, Charles advanced against the Scots, who
  crossed the border, routed his army at Newburn,
  and soon afterward occupied Newcastle and Durham

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• His money exhausted, the king was compelled to
  call his fifth Parliament, the Long Parliament,
  in 1640. Led by John Pym, it proceeded against
  the two chief royal advisers, the archbishop of
  Canterbury, William Laud, and Sir Thomas
  Wentworth, 1st earl of Strafford. Parliament
  secured the imprisonment and subsequent
  executions of both men. In 1641 Charles agreed to
  bills abolishing the prerogative courts,
  prohibiting arbitrary taxation, and ensuring that
  this Parliament would not be dissolved without
  its own permission. The king also agreed to more
  religious liberties for the Scots. Soon after,
  Charles was implicated in a plot to murder the
  leaders of the Covenanters, a Scottish group
  devoted to maintaining Presbyterianism. When
  Charles visited Scotland in August 1641, he
  promised Archibald Campbell, 8th earl of Argyll,
  a Covenanter leader, that he would submit to the
  demands of the Scottish Parliament.

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• While still in Scotland, the king received word
  of a rebellion in Ireland in which thousands of
  English colonists were massacred. When he
  returned to London in November, he tried to have
  Parliament raise an army, under his control, to
  put down the Irish revolt. Parliament, fearing
  that the army would be used against itself,
  refused, and issued the Grand Remonstrance, a
  list of reform demands, including the right of
  Parliament to approve the king's ministers.
  Charles appeared in the House of Commons with an
  armed force and tried to arrest Pym and four
  members. The country was aroused, and the king
  fled with his family from London.
• Both sides then raised armies. The supporters of
  Parliament were called Roundheads, and those of
  the king, Cavaliers. The first civil war of the
  English Revolution, now inevitable, began at
  Edgehill on October 23, 1642. The.

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• Cavaliers were initially successful, but after a
  series of reverses Charles gave himself up to the
  Scottish army on May 5, 1646. Having refused to
  accept Presbyterianism, he was delivered in June
  1647 to the English Parliament. Later he escaped
  to the Isle of Wight but was imprisoned there. By
  this time a serious division had occurred between
  Parliament and its army. The army's leader,
  Oliver Cromwell and his supporters, the
  Independents, compelled Parliament to pass an act
  of treason against further negotiation with the
  king.
• Eventually, the moderate Parliamentarians were
  forcibly ejected by the Independents, and the
  remaining legislators, who formed the so-called
  Rump Parliament, appointed a court to try the
  king. On January 20, 1649, the trial began in
  Westminster Hall. Charles denied the legality of
  the court and refused to plead. On January 27 he
  was sentenced to death as a tyrant, murderer, and
  enemy of the nation.

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http//www3.baylor.edu/BIC/WCIII/Essays/charles.1.
html
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Oliver Cromwell
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• Scotland protested, the royal family entreated,
  and France and the Netherlands interceded, in
  vain. Charles was beheaded at Whitehall, London.
  Subsequently Oliver Cromwell became chairman of
  the council of state, a parliamentary agency that
  governed England as a republic until the
  restoration of the monarchy in 1660

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Charles I
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Henrietta Maria
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Civil war Begins

• King Charles had to call up Parliament to ask for
  money But he did not like their answer so he
  dissolved this Parliament(short paarliament).
  Soon later he recalled them again and this
  parliament lasted 20 years. The began reducing
  Charles power. Problems began in Ireland they had
  remained Catholic and were angry about their land
  being taken from them, also the scots were
  rebelling due to the church of England forcing a
  prayer Book on the Calvinist church.

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• Charles WAS UNDER THE MERCY OF the Purtian
  Parliament. A group the Royalist supporters of
  the King formed. The King marched troops into
  Parliament to capture the leaders of the Purtians
  they escaped but this began war between
  Parliament and the King.
• The cavaliers- supporters of the King at war time
  
• Round heads-parliament supporters led by Oliver
  Cromwell The Parliament won and the King was
  executed in 1649. Cromwell became in charge of
  the new commonwealth.

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• Cavaliers- the king cavalry horsemen supporters
  of Charles I
• Roundheads- close- cropped hair, supported the
  Purtians
• Oliver Cromwell- he led the parliamentary forces
  against the King and defeated them and became
  ruler of England
• Constitutional Monarchy- a form of Government in
  which the monarchs power is limited by a
  constitution.
• Charles II- Became King on May 29, 1660, after
  Cromwell, this was called the Restortation

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• Home work P..315

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Monarchy restored

• Charles II returns May 29, 1660.this period is
  called restoration.He outwardly supported the
  Church of England but secretly favored the
  catholic church.The clarendon codes were passed
  making the church of England state religion.100s
  of Purtian clergy were driven from the church.
  John milton wrote Pardise lost. One of Charles
  first orders was that Cromwells body should be
  dug up and put on 'trial' as a traitor and
  regicide (someone who is responsible for the
  execution/murder of a king or queen). His body
  was put on trial, found guilty and symbolically
  hanged from a gallows at Tyburn (near Hyde Park,
  London). What was left of his body remains a
  mystery. Some say the body was thrown on to a
  rubbish tip while others say it was buried
  beneath the gallows at Tyburn. His head was put
  on display in London for many years to come.

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• What happened to Cromwells body after his
  death?Where are his mortal remains now? There
  has been considerable controversy about the true
  resting place of Cromwells mortal remains, with
  doubts surfacing at the time and a variety of
  stories finding their way into print in the
  eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. However, it
  is likely that Cromwells body was buried in a
  vault in Westminster Abbey in autumn 1658, and
  that it was located, exhumed and posthumously
  executed in January 1661. His headless trunk
  probably lies in an unmarked grave in the Tyburn
  area, while his head, which became an undignified
  collectors object, was eventually bequeathed to
  his former Cambridge College, Sidney Sussex, and
  was in 1960 immured in the anti-chapel there

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Limited Monarch

• A constitutional Monarchy was created powers are
  limited by a constitution. The Constitution was
  made up of the Magna Carta, and Petition of
  rights
• Disasters hit England- the plague in 1665 killing
  100,000 people.and the fire of London.

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Fire of London
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Political parties

• Parliament tried to pass the exclusion act to
  block James II from being King due to him being
  Catholic the whigs- wanted to exclude him, the
  Tories- defended the monarchy.
• The Tories defeated the Bill and passed the
  Habeas Corpus act a person could not be held in
  prison without just cause.

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James II come to power

• He appoints catholics to Gov. and universities
  disregarding religious laws.Parliament waited for
  him to die, but a royal baby was born who would
  be raised Catholic.Parliament wanted Protestant
  Mary to Inherit the throne but with the new
  birth. Parliament allowed Marys Husband William
  to invade England. James II fled England and
  William III and Mary I takes over.

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James II
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Mary II
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William III
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More Limits on Power

• A. Bill of Rights was created which did not allow
  the King to raise a army or maintain a army with
  out consent of Parliament and could not suspend
  laws also guaranteed trial by jury, outlawed
  cruel and unusual punishment, limited the amount
  of bail. Citizens were given the right to appeal.
  The act of settlement excluded any Catholic from
  inheriting the Throne.

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Combining of Scotland and England

• Scotland and England agreed to combine their
  governemnts to form Great Britian. A protestant
  Granddauter of James I named Sophia were children
  would inherit the throne. George the I would be
  the next King
• A cabinety was created Sir Robert Walpole leader
  of the whigs became the leader of the Cabinet who
  later became known as the PrimeMinister. Walpole
  remained Prime Minster under George II
• George III will greatly expand the empire into
  Canada and expand the colonies and also deal
  witht e rebellion of the Colonies.

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• Duty- tax
• Boycott- a refusal to buy British Goods
• King George III- was the King during the American
  Revolution in America
• John Adams- a colonial leader of Massachusetts,
  2nd Pres. Of USA
• Samual Adams- leader of Sons of Liberty
• Patrick Henry- leader of Virginia he said There
  are no differences between Virginians,
  Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, and New Englanders.
• George Washington- leader from Virginia, 1st
  President of U.S.A. leader of Revolutionary
  forces.

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Homework p. 320