Intro 1

1
Intro 1
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2
Section 1-4
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3
Section 1-5
16.1 A Campaign to Clean Up Politics

• Under the spoils system, or patronage, government
  jobs went to supporters of the winning party in
  an election.

• By the late 1870s, many Americans believed that
  patronage corrupted those who worked for the
  government.
• They began a movement to reform the civil
  service.
• President Rutherford B. Hayes attacked the
  practice of patronage.

(pages 492493)
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Section 1-6
A Campaign to Clean Up Politics
(cont.)

• The Republican candidates for the election of
  1880 were, James Garfield for president and
  Chester Arthur for vice president.
• They won the election.

(pages 492493)
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Section 1-7
A Campaign to Clean Up Politics
(cont.)

• President Garfield was assassinated a few months
  into his presidency.

• He was killed by a civil service job through the
  spoils system.
• In 1883 Congress passed the Pendleton Act.
• This civil service reform act allowed the
  president to decide which federal jobs would be
  filled according to rules set up by a bipartisan
  Civil Service Commission.

(pages 492493)
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Section 1-8
A Campaign to Clean Up Politics
(cont.)

• Candidates competed for federal jobs through
  examinations.

• Appointments could be made only from the list of
  those who took the exams.
• Once appointed to a job, a civil service official
  could not be removed for political reasons.

(pages 492493)
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Section 1-10
Two Parties, Neck and Neck

• A major reason that few new policies were
  introduced in the 1870s and 1880s was because the
  Democrats had control of the House of
  Representatives and the Republicans had the
  control of the Senate.

(pages 493494)
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Section 1-11
Two Parties, Neck and Neck (cont.)

• The Republicans won four of the six presidential
  elections between 1876 and 1896.
• The Democrats controlled the House of
  Representatives, however, and the Senate was
  controlled by Republicans who did not necessarily
  agree with the president on issues.

(pages 493494)
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9
Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1
Republican Party
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10
Section 1-14
Democrats Reclaim the White House

• In the presidential election of 1884, Republicans
  remained divided over reform.

• Democrats nominated Governor Grover Cleveland of
  New York, a reformer who opposed Tammany Hall.
• Republicans nominated James G. Blaine, a former
  Speaker of the House of Representatives.

(pages 494495)
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Section 1-15
Democrats Reclaim the White House (cont.)

• A major issue in the campaign was corruption in
  American government.

• Voters focused on the morals of each candidate.

(pages 494495)
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Section 1-16
Democrats Reclaim the White House (cont.)

• Cleveland admitted to having fathered a child
  ten years earlier.

• Blaine tried to persuade Roman Catholics to vote
  Republican because his mother was an Irish
  Catholic.
• His tactic failed, and Cleveland was elected
  president.

(pages 494495)
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Section 1-18
A President Besieged by Problems

• Many supporters of President Grover Cleveland
  sought patronage jobs after his election to
  office.

(pages 495496)
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Section 1-19
A President Besieged by Problems
(cont.)

• Both Democrats and Republicans believed that
  government should not interfere with
  corporations property rights.

(pages 495496)
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Section 1-20
A President Besieged by Problems
(cont.)

• In 1886 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of
  Wabash v. Illinois that the state of Illinois
  could not restrict the rates that the Wabash
  Railroad charged for traffic between states
  because only the federal government could
  regulate interstate commerce.

• In 1887 Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce
  Act, which created the Interstate Commerce
  Commission. This was the first law to regulate
  interstate commerce.

(pages 495496)
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Section 1-21
A President Besieged by Problems
(cont.)

• Many Americans wanted to do away with high
  tariffs because they felt that large American
  companies could compete internationally.

• They wanted Congress to cut tariffs because these
  taxes caused an increase in the price of
  manufactured goods.
• President Cleveland proposed lowering tariffs,
  but Congress was deadlocked over the issue.

(pages 495496)
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Section 1-23
Republicans Regain Power

• The Republican candidate in the 1888 election was
  Benjamin Harrison.

• His campaign was given large contributions by
  industrialists who wanted tariff protection.
• The Democratic candidate was Cleveland.
• He was against high tariff rates.
• Harrison won the election by winning the
  electoral vote, but not the popular vote.

(pages 496497)
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Section 1-24
Republicans Regain Power (cont.)

• As a result of the election of 1888, Republicans
  gained control of both houses of Congress and the
  White House.

• The Republicans were able to pass legislation on
  issues of national concern.
• The McKinley Tariff cut tariff rates on some
  goods, but increased the rates of others.
• It lowered federal revenue and left the nation
  with a budget deficit.

(pages 496497)
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Section 1-25
Republicans Regain Power (cont.)

• A new pension law passed in 1890 for veterans
  furthered worsened the federal deficit.

• The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 made trusts
  illegal, although the courts did little to
  enforce the law.

(pages 496497)
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Section 2-4
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21
Section 2-5
16.2 Unrest in Rural America

• In the 1890s, a political movement called
  Populism emerged to increase the political power
  of farmers and to work for legislation for
  farmers interests.

• The nations money supply concerned farmers.
• To help finance the Union in the Civil War, the
  government issued millions of dollars in
  greenbacks, or paper currency that could not be
  exchanged for gold or silver coins.

(pages 500502)
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Section 2-6
Unrest in Rural America (cont.)

• This rapid increase in the money supply without a
  rapid increase in goods for sale caused
  inflationa decline in the value of money.

• The prices of goods greatly increased.
• To get inflation under control, the federal
  government stopped printing greenbacks and
  started paying off bonds.
• Congress also stopped making silver into coins.

(pages 500502)
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Section 2-7
Unrest in Rural America (cont.)

• As a result, the country did not have a large
  enough money supply to meet the needs of the
  growing economy.

• This led to deflationor an increase in the value
  of money and a decrease in the general level of
  prices.
• Deflation forced most farmers to borrow money to
  plant their crops.
• The short supply of money caused an increase in
  interest rates that the farmers owed.

(pages 500502)
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Chapter Assessment 9
Economics and History
The graph below shows farm prices in the United
States between 1860 and 1900. Study the graph and
answer the questions on the following slides.
25
Moment in History 2
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26
Section 2-8
Unrest in Rural America (cont.)

• Some farmers wanted more greenbacks printed to
  expand the money supply.

• Others wanted the government to mint silver
  coins.

(pages 500502)
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Section 2-12
The Farmers Alliance

• The Farmers Alliance was formed in 1877.

• By 1890 it had between 1.5 and 3 million members
  with strength in the South and on the Great
  Plains.
• The Alliance organized large cooperatives called
  exchanges for the purpose of forcing farm prices
  up and making loans to farmers at low interest
  rates.

(pages 502503)
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Section 2-13
The Farmers Alliance (cont.)

• Many exchanges overextended themselves by loaning
  too much money at low interest rates that were
  not repaid.

• Wholesalers, manufacturers, railroads, and
  bankers discriminated against the exchanges.
• The exchanges were too small to dramatically
  affect world prices for farm products.

(pages 502503)
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Section 2-14
The Farmers Alliance (cont.)

• Members of the Kansas Alliance formed the
  Peoples Party, or Populists, to push for
  political reforms that would help farmers solve
  their problems.

• Most Southern leaders of the Alliance opposed the
  Peoples Party because they wanted the Democrats
  to retain control of the South.
• One Southern leader, Charles Macune, came up with
  a subtreasury plan to set up warehouses where
  farmers could store their crops to force prices
  up.

(pages 502503)
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Section 2-16
The Rise of Populism

• In 1890 the Farmers Alliance issued the Ocala
  Demands to help farmers choose candidates in the
  1890 elections.

• The demands included the adoption of the
  subtreasury plan, the free coinage of silver, an
  end to protective tariffs and national banks,
  tighter regulation of the railroads, and direct
  election of senators by voters.

(pages 503506)
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Section 2-17
The Rise of Populism (cont.)

• By early 1892, Southern members were ready to
  leave the Democratic Party and join the Peoples
  Party.

• In July 1892, the Peoples Party held its first
  national convention where it nominated James B.
  Weaver to run for president.

(pages 503506)
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Section 2-18
The Rise of Populism (cont.)

• The Peoples Party platform called for unlimited
  coinage of silver, federal ownership of
  railroads, and a graduated income tax, one that
  taxes higher earnings more heavily.

• It also called for an eight-hour workday,
  restriction of immigration, and denounced the use
  of strikebreakers.
• Democrats nominated New Yorker Grover Cleveland
  for the 1892 presidential election.
• Cleveland won the election.

(pages 503506)
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Section 2-20
The Rise of Populism (cont.)

• President Cleveland wanted to stop the flow of
  gold and make it the sole basis for the
  countrys currency, so he had Congress repeal of
  the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

• This caused the Democratic Party to split into
  the goldbugs and the silverites.
• Goldbugs believed the American currency should be
  based only on gold.
• Silverites believed coining silver in unlimited
  amounts was the answer to the nations economic
  crisis.

(pages 503506)
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2
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35
Section 2-22
The Election of 1896

• The Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan
  for the presidential election of 1896.

• He strongly supported the unlimited coinage of
  silver.
• Populists also supported Bryan for president.
• The Republicans nominated William McKinley of
  Ohio for president.
• He promised workers a full dinner pail.

(pages 506507)
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Section 2-23
The Election of 1896 (cont.)

• Most business leaders liked McKinley because they
  thought that unlimited silver coinage would ruin
  the countrys economy.

• McKinley won the election of 1896.
• New gold strikes in Alaska and Canadas Yukon
  Territory and in other parts of the world
  increased the money supply without needing to use
  silver.
• As the silver issue died out, so did the Populist
  Party.

(pages 506507)
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Chapter Summary 1
38
Section 3-4
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Section 3-5
16.3 Resistance and Repression

• After Reconstruction, most African Americans were
  sharecroppers, or landless farmers who had to
  give the landlord a large share of their crops to
  cover their costs for rent and farming supplies.

• In 1879 Benjamin Pap Singleton organized a mass
  migration of African Americans, called
  Exodusters, from the rural South to Kansas.

(pages 508509)
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Section 3-6
Resistance and Repression (cont.)

• Many African Americans joined the Populist Party.
  
• Threatened by the power of the Populist Party,
  Democratic leaders began using racism to try to
  win back the poor white vote in the South.
• By 1890 election officials in the South began
  using methods to make it difficult for African
  Americans to vote.

(pages 508509)
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Section 3-9
Disfranchising African Americans

• Southern states used loopholes in the Fifteenth
  Amendment and began to impose restrictions that
  barred almost all African Americans from voting.

• In 1890 Mississippi required all citizens
  registering to vote to pay a poll tax, which most
  African Americans could not afford to pay.

(page 510)
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Section 3-10
Disfranchising African Americans
(cont.)

• The state also required all prospective voters
  to take a literacy test.

• Most African Americans had no education and
  failed the test.
• The number of African Americans and poor whites
  registered to vote fell dramatically in the South.

(page 510)
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Section 3-11
Disfranchising African Americans
(cont.)

• To allow poor whites to vote, some Southern
  states had a grandfather clause in their voting
  restrictions.

• This clause allowed any man to vote if he had an
  ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867.

(page 510)
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Section 3-13
Legalizing Segregation

• In the late 1800s, both the North and the South
  discriminated against African Americans.

• In the South, segregation, or separation of the
  races, was enforced by laws known as Jim Crow
  laws.
• The ruling meant that private organizations or
  businesses were free to practice segregation.

(pages 510511)
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Section 3-14
Legalizing Segregation (cont.)

• Southern states passed a series of laws that
  enforced segregation in almost all public places.

• The Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson
  endorsed separate but equal facilities for
  African Americans.
• This ruling established the legal basis for
  discrimination in the South for over 50 years.

(pages 510511)
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Section 3-15
Legalizing Segregation (cont.)

• In the late 1800s, mob violence increased in the
  United States, particularly in the South.

• Between 1890 and 1899, hundreds of
  lynchingsexecutions without proper court
  proceedingstook place.
• Most lynchings were in the South, and the
  victims were mostly African Americans.

(pages 510511)
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3
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Section 3-17
The African American Response

• In 1892 Ida B. Wells, an African American from
  Tennessee, began a crusade against lynching.

• She wrote newspaper articles and a book
  denouncing lynchings and mob violence against
  African Americans.

(pages 511512)
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Section 3-18
The African American Response
(cont.)

• Booker T. Washington, an African American
  educator, urged fellow African Americans to
  concentrate on achieving economic goals rather
  than legal or political ones.

• He explained his views in a speech known as the
  Atlanta Compromise.

(pages 511512)
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Section 3-19
The African American Response
(cont.)

• The Atlanta Compromise was challenged by W.E.B.
  Du Bois, the leader of African American activists
  born after the Civil War.

• Du Bois said that white Southerners continued to
  take away the civil rights of African Americans,
  even though they were making progress in
  education and vocational training.
• He believed that African Americans had to demand
  their rights, especially voting rights, to gain
  full equality.

(pages 511512)
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