CHAPTER 1 INTRO. TO A

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CHAPTER 1 INTRO. TO AP
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Intro to AP

• Anatomy deals with form
  arrangement of body parts
• Physiology deals with functions how body
  parts operate

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Levels of Organization

• Living organisms are composed of different levels
  of organization
• Atom- particles which make up matter
• Organelle- cell structures that carry on specific
  tasks
• Cell- basic unit of structure and function
• Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers
  or masses that have specific functions.
• Organs- groups of tissues with specialized
  functions
• Organ systems- groups of organs that function
  closely together
• Organism- interacting organ systems make up an
  organism

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Levels of Organization
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Requirements of Living

Organisms

• 1. Water
• 2. Food
• 3. Oxygen
• 4. Heat
• 5. Pressure

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Water

• Used in metabolic reactions- provides environment
  for reactions
• Necessary for transport
• Body temperature regulation

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Food

• Supplies energy
• Supplies raw materials

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Oxygen

• Used to release
• energy from food
• in cellular respiration

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Heat (a product of metabolism)

• Determines rate of cell reactions
• Most body heat is produced by the
• muscular system

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Pressure (an application of force)

• Two types
• Atmospheric the force exerted against a surface
  by the weight of the air above that surface
  necessary for breathing
• Hydrostatic the force exerted by a fluid
  necessary for transport of blood (blood pressure)

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Homeostasis

• Definition maintenance of a stable, balanced
  internal environment
• Use homeostatic mechanisms
• Receptors- provide information about stimuli in
  the environment.
• Control Center- includes a set point, tells what
  a particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6F, 37C)
• Effectors- elicit a response that alter
  conditions to the internal environment.

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Negative Feedback

• Most use negative feedback changes that causes
  responses in the opposite direction returns the
  body to normal (set point)
• Examples blood pressure, body temperature,
  blood glucose level

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Blood Glucose Level
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Homeostasis - Positive Feedback

• Definition changes that cause responses in the
  same direction away from the normal state
• Examples blood
• clotting, breastfeeding,
• childbirth

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Anatomical Terminology

• Terms used to describe body position, body
  planes, etc.

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Anatomical Position

• When these terms are used,
• it is assumed the body is in
• Anatomical position
• Standing
• Facing forward
• Arms at sides
• Palms facing forward

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Relative Position describes the location of 1
body part w/respect to another

• Superior vs. Inferior
• Anterior vs. Posterior
• Medial vs. Lateral
• From Midline
• Distal vs. Proximal
• From Trunk

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More Anatomical Positions

• Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral
• Deep vs. Superficial
• From Surface
• Peripheral

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Body Sections planes along which the body may
be cut to observe locations of organs
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Major Body Cavities axial portion of
body includes two1. Dorsal has 2 smaller
cavities a. Cranial includes -
Nasal - Orbital - Oral - Middle
ear - Sinuses b. Vertebral - - includes
s.c.
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Major Body Cavities

• 2. Ventral has 2 smaller cavities
• a.Thoracic includes
• - pleural cavity
• Mediastinum the space
• separating the two lungs
• includes
• - pericardial cavity
• Diaphragm separates the thoracic from
  abdominal cavities
• b.Abdominopelvic - includes
• - abdominal cavity -
• - pelvic cavity -

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Body Cavities
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Membranes

• 2 types
• 1. visceral covers an organ
• 2. parietal lines the cavity of the organ
• Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities
• Example visceral pleura
• parietal peritoneum

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Body Membranes

• Pleural Cavity- visceral and parietal pleaura
• Pericardial Cavity- visceral and pariteal
  pericardium
• Visercaral also known as Epicardium
• Abdominal cavity- visceral and parietal
  peritoneum

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Characteristics of Life (traits shared by all
living things)- Table 1.3 in text

• Movement- change in position
• Responsiveness- reaction to change in environment
• Growth-Increase in body size
• Reproduction- formation of new organism
• Respiration-releasing of energy from food through
  gas exchange

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Characteristics of Life

• Digestion-breakdown of food for absorption
• Absorption-passage of substances into body
  membranes
• Circulation-movement of substances
• Assimilation-changing absorbed substances into
  different forms
• Excretion-removal of wastes
• Together these activities constitute an living
  things metabolism (all the chemical physical
  changes that occur)

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Organ Systems (11 total)

• Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs
  (hair, nails and sweat glands).
• Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp
  and contains sensory receptors
• Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage
• Provides framework and protective shields for
  soft tissue.
• Production of blood cells
• Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and
  trachea
• Exchange gases between air and blood
• Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive
  organs.
• Production of new organisms
• Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal
  glands
• Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic function

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Organ Systems

• Muscular system- Provide forces that cause
  movement.
• Nervous System Brain, spinal cord and nerves
• Stimulates muscles to contract and activates
  glands
• Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries,
  capillaries and blood.
• Transports products throughout body.
• Lymphatic System-Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
  thymus and spleen
• Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from
  digestive tract.

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Organ Systems

• Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands,
  esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and
  large intestines.
• Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed.
• Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder
  and urethra
• Remove waste from blood and maintain water
  balance

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Review

• Membranes

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Review Relative Positions

• 1. The gall bladder is _______ to the diaphragm.
• 2. The lungs are ______ to the heart.
• 3. The esophagus is ______ to the stomach.
• 4. The wrist is _______ to the shoulder.
• 5. The uterus is ______ to the ovaries.
• 6. The ribs are ______ to the vertebrae.
• 7. The esophagus is ________ to the trachea.
• 8. The elbow is _____ to the wrist.