Cell Reproduction Intro

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Cell Reproduction Intro

• 1) What do you know about DNA, Genes and
  Chromosomes?
• 2) What do you want to learn about DNA, Genes and
  Chromosomes?

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1/29/14

• Find your new seats!
• Bellringer Cell Reproduction Intro
• Chromosome Notes
• HW Karyotype Worksheet due Tomorrow

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Chromosomes!!!
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Introduction to Chromosomes

• All of a cells DNA is called its genome
• This genome contains all of the instructions for
  cell/organism survival and function
• A typical human cell has about 3 meters of DNA
• DNA is packaged into chromosomes

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Chromosomes

• PROKARYOTIC Chromosomes are simple circles/clumps
  of DNA

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Chromosomes

• EUKARYOITC Chromosomes are very complex
• The whole chromosome is made of DNA coiled around
  proteins called histones

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Chromosomes

• Homologous Chromosomes The pairs of chromosomes
  that exist in sexually reproducing species
• In each pair of h. chromosomes one chromosome
  comes from each parent
• They are each called autosomes, and are identical
  (except X and Y, the sex chromosomes)

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Homologous Chromosomes

• Homologous chromosomes contain genes for the same
  traits
• Gene A section of DNA that codes for a specific
  trait
• Ex Hair color

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Homologous Chromosomes

• Before a cell divides, the chromosomes copy
  themselves
• The two copies are called chromatids (or sister
  chromatids), and are attached to one another by a
  centromere

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a
A
Alleles are different forms of the same gene
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1 chromosome
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Karyotype

• A picture of all the chromosomes.
• It is used to look for abnormalities

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Revisit Goals

• Find 1-2 goals that you did not meet (or are
  off-track) Explain why you didnt reach these
  goals
• Find 1-2 goals that you did meet (or are
  on-track) Explain why you did reach these
  goals
• Make at least 6 second semester goals on your
  goal sheet (measurable)
• 2 Academic
• 2 Personal Improvement
• 2 Work/Family/Relationships/Clubs

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1/30/14

• Bellringer Goals
• HW New Goals
• Chromosome Notes (Chromosomal Disorders)
• Go over karytype WS
• Introduce Chromosomal Disorders Brochure
• Straight to the Library tomorrow

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Chromosome Number

• Number varies by species
• The number of chromosomes in a SOMATIC CELL
  (normal body cells) in an organism is known as
  the DIPLOID/2N number
• GAMETES (sex cells, sperm/eggs) contain only half
  the number of chromosomes and are known as the
  HAPLOID/N number

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Complexity Rankings

• Rank the below organisms from least to most
  complex
• Humans, Crabs, Potato, Camels, Squirrels,
  Chickens, Fruit flies, Tomato
• Explain the reason behind your rankings.

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DIPLOID OF CHROMOSOMES BY SPECIES

• CAMEL 70
• SQUIRREL 40
• CHICKEN 78
• KING CRAB 208
• FRUIT FLY 8
• TOMATO 24
• POTATO 48
• HUMAN 46

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Human Chromosome Number

• Human Haploid (N) Number 23
• Human Diploid (2N) Number 46
• A human must have all 46 chromosomes to function
  properly
• In most cases, humans missing even one chromosome
  dont survive development
• Monosomy missing a chromosome
• Trisomy having an extra chromosome

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• Nondisjunction when homologous pairs or sister
  chromatids fail to separate

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• Downs syndrome (trisomy 21) 3 copies of the
  21st chromosome

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• Cri-du-chat deletion at the 5th pair

• KlinefelterExtra X chromosome

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Goals

• Review Goals and Make new ones

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1/31/14

• Bellringer Goals
• Go Straight to LIBRARY
• Work on Karyotype Worksheet and Brochure

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Bellringer

• Define the word cycle.
• What is the cell cycle? If you dont know, what
  would you guess it includes?
• Are all cell cycles the same?

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2/3/14

• Objective To introduce the cell cycle
• Bellringer Cycle
• Cell Cycle Notes
• Homework
• Chromosome WS

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Cell Division
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Cell Division

• Cells divide in order to repair or replace cells
  that die
• Also create new cells in development of a
  multicellular organism that begins as a zygote

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Cell Cycle

• Cell Cycle The life cycle of the cell, from
  division to division of a cell
• 5 Stages of the Cell Cycle
• G1 Growth phase of the cell
• S DNA is copied
• G2 Prep for mitosis, and organelles are copied
• M Mitosis occurs, nucleus divides
• C Cytokinesis, cell/cytoplasm divides

Interphase
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MOST OF A CELLS LIFE IS SPENT IN INTERPHASE
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What Triggers Cell Division?

• Size If a cell grows so large that there is too
  much volume for its surface area, it will divide
• Growth factors Chemicals released by cells that
  encourage other cells to divide

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Cell Division

• There are 2 types of cell division
• MITOSIS
• Produces identical cells
• Occurs in body cells
• Makes diploid cells

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2 Types of Cell Division

• MEIOSIS
• Produces sex cells (gametes)
• Occurs in cells of the sex organs
• Makes haploid cells

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Bellringer

• Define cell cycle
• We know cellular division is part of the cell
  cycle. Name one thing that you think happens
  during cell division.

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2/4/14

• Bellringer Cell Cycle
• Turn in Chromosome Worksheet
• Onion Cell Pre-lab (due Friday)

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Bellringer.
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2/5/14

• Bellringer ?????
• Computer Lab Activity

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• These are the stages of mitosis. Put them in
  order, and have a rational for why (you dont
  need to write it, but I will ask.)

C
B
A
E
D
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2/6/14

• Bellringer Stages of Mitosis
• MITOSIS NOTES
• Homework Finish Pre-Lab (Ill explain later)

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Stages of Mitosis

• Stage 1Prophase
• Chromosomes appear
• Nuclear envelope breaks down
• Spindle fibers appear
• Spindle fibers are protein ropes that help pull
  chromosomes apart

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Late prophase you can see the spindle fibers
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Stages of Mitosis

• Stage 2 Metaphase
• Meta means middle
• Spindle fibers line up chromosomes on the equator
• They attach to the centromeres

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Metaphase
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Stages of Mitosis

• Stage 3 Anaphase
• Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle
  fibers
• Each chromatid (now a chromosome) moves to
  opposite poles (centrioles)

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Stages of Mitosis

• Stage 4 Telophase
• Chromosomes uncoil on separate sides of the cell
• New nuclear envelope appears

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Cytokinesis After Mitosis

• Cytokinesis
• Cell membrane grows in to enclose both cells
  cytoplasm divides
• In plants, a new cell wall must form

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Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells
which are diploid
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Mitosis in Onion Root
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• These are the stages of mitosis. Put them in
  order, and have a rational for why (you dont
  need to write it, but I will ask.)

C
B
A
E
D
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Mitosis overview
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Homework

• Somewhere on the pre-lab from yesterday, do the
  following
• Label each cell drawing 1-9 as interphase,
  prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and
  cytokinesis
• You dont have to use every phase

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Bellringer

• Define Mitosis
• Define chromosome
• What kind of cells did we look at in the lab from
  the last few days?

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2/7/14

• Bellringer Definitions
• Onion Lab
• Homework
• Lab due Monday

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Mitosis in Onion Root
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Bellringer

• Define haploid and diploid
• Why do we want our sex cells (sperm and eggs) to
  be haploid?

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2/10/14

• Bellringer No Bellringers This week.
• Agenda
• Discuss week
• Notes on meiosis

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Sub all week..

• Tuesday Work on Flipbook
• Wednesday No School (Lincoln)
• Thursday Cancer Article / Questions
• Friday Meiosis/Mitosis Worksheet Study
  Guide
• Im back Monday, exam is Tuesday

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Meiosis

• Meiosis is a special kind of cell division that
  produces our gametes (sex cells, sperm and egg)
• Occurs in testes and ovaries
• 1 diploid cell(2n) ?4 haploid cells (n)

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• Fertilization creates a zygote and restores the
  diploid condition
• Egg (n) sperm (n) ?? Zygote (2n)

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Meiosis Overview

• There are 2 cell divisions in Meiosis
• Meiosis I DNA replicates, and homologous
  chromosomes are separated
• Same amount of DNA is started with
• Meiosis II Same steps as mitosis, but without
  DNA being replicated beforehand
• Sister chromatids are separated

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Meiosis
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Crossing Over

• During Meiosis 1, Homologous pairs form their
  sister chromatids
• The two pairs of chromatids line up together in
  what is called a tetrad.
• When they do this, crossing-over occurs
• Homologs swap small pieces of genetic info

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Independent Assortment

• Independent assortment moms chromosomes dont
  always go to same side nor do dads
• Crossing over and Independent Assortment leads to
  greater genetic diversity, which is good for
  populations!!!

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Bellringer

• If children have the ability to ignore all odds
  and percentages, then maybe we can all learn from
  them. When you think about it, what other choice
  is there but to hope? We have two options,
  medically and emotionally give up, or Fight Like
  Hell.
• What triggers cells to divide/start mitosis?
• What could trigger them to stop?
• What do you know about cancer? Do you know
  someone who has had it?

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Agenda

• Objective To discuss cancer
• Agenda
• Bellringer/Discussion
• Notes
• Grade WS
• Assign Mitosis Wheel and Practice
• Homework
• WS due Tomorrow
• Wheel due Monday

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What Stops Cell Division?

• Density-dependent inhibition Cells stop dividing
  when crowded
• Cancer cells do not respond to normal cell cycle
  regulation

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Tumors

• Tumor cells are the result of uncontrolled cell
  division (they are a big lump of cells)
• Benign tumors non-harmful
• Malignant tumors harmful
• Cancer kills because a tumor makes some essential
  part (lung, heart, etc) stop working right

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Tumors
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Malignant Tumors

• Cells divide without control and can invade other
  tissues (metastasize).
• Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the
  body through the blood and lymph systems.

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Cancer Types

• Carcinoma begins in the skin or in tissues that
  line or cover internal organs.
• Sarcoma begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle,
  blood vessels, etc
• Leukemia starts in blood-forming tissue such as
  the bone marrow
• Lymphoma and myeloma begin in the cells of the
  immune system.
• Central nervous system cancers begin in the
  tissues of the brain and spinal cord

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Lung Cancer
Cancerous Lung
Healthy Lung
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Skin Cancer
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Detection
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Treatments

• Chemotherapy
• Radiation treatment
• Surgical removal of tumors
• Immunotherapy
• Blood and marrow transplant
• There is NO cure for cancer

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Bellringer

• What components need to be in your psych lab
  report?
• What are the characteristics of a good materials
  section?
• What are the characteristics of a good procedure?
• What formatting applies?

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Bellringer

• What would you guess is the most common form of
  cancer?
• What do you think is the most lethal spot for
  cancer?

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Agenda

• Objective To talk a bit more about cancer, and
  begin reviewing
• Agenda
• Bellringer/Discussion
• Talk cancer rates
• Grade Mitosis WS
• Assign Practice WS and wheel
• Homework
• Wheel due Monday, WS due tomorrow

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Common Forms of Cancer
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Self Checks

• All
• CHECK YOURSELF!
• Colonoscopy once every 10 years after turning
  40-50
• Women
• Monthly breast self-exam once you start
  menstruating
• Yearly gynecology visits for pelvic exam and pap
  smear after the age of 21
• Men
• Monthly testicular exam at age 14

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Bellringer

• Get out your study guide.
• What areas are you most concerned about?
• What areas are you least concerned about?

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Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Determine whether
the following characteristics apply to mitosis,
meiosis, or both, by putting a check in the
appropriate column. Advice be consistent in your
answers! Mitosis Meiosis 1.no pairing of
homologous chromosomes 1. ______ _______ 2.two
divisions 2. ______ _______ 3.four daughter cells
are produced 3. ______ _______ 4.associated with
growth and a-sexual reproduction 4.
______ _______ 5.associated with sexual
reproduction 5. ______ _______ 6.one division 6.
______ _______ 7.two daughter cells are
produced 7. ______ _______ 8.involves
duplication of chromosomes 8. ______ _______ 9.ch
romosome number is maintained 9.
______ _______ 10.crossing over between
homologous chromosomes may occur 10.______ ____
___ 11.chromosome number is reduced to
half 11.______ _______ 12.daughter cells are
identical to parent cell 12.______ _______ 13.daug
hter cells are not identical to parent
cell 13.______ _______ 14.produces
gametes 14.______ _______ 15.synapsis occurs in
prophase 15.______ _______
Chromosome numbers The three figures describe
chromosomes of three different organisms. For
each one - What is the haploid number (N) of
chromosomes? How many chromosome would you find
in a regular body cell? How many in an egg or in
a sperm cell?
.
N (haploid) ______ Body cell ______ Gamete
cell ______
N (haploid) ______ Body cell ______ Gamete
cell ______
N (haploid) ______ Body cell ______ Gamete
cell ______