HEALTH HERITAGE

1
HEALTH HERITAGE

• SANGAM
• OF
• ANCIENT WISDOM
• AND
• MODERN SCIENCE
• R.R. Hirwani
• Head
• CSIR Unit for Research and Development of
  Information Products,
• Pune, India
• GRA MEETING
  1 February 2006

SANGAM CONFLUENCE
2
ORGANISATION OF PRESENTATION

• BACKGROUND
• OBJECTIVES
• FEATURES
• CONTENTS
• DEMONSTRATION
• BRIDGE BETWEEN TK AND MODERN SCIENCE
• IPR ISSUES
• CURRENT TRENDS
• INTO THE FUTURE

3
BACKGROUND

• AYURVEDA INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
• KNOWLEDGE CODIFIED IN SANSKRIT SINCE 12TH CENTURY
  B.C.- SCRIPTURES AVAILABLE IN PUBLIC DOMAIN
• INSTITUTIONALISED EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND
  PRACTICE
• MEDICINAL PLANTS - PRIMARY SOURCE OF MEDICINE
• EXTENSIVE RESEARCH ON NATURAL PRODUCTS AND PLANT
  CHEMISTRY
• ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF CHEMICAL
  CONSTITUENTS
• STUDY OF STRUCTURE - ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
• KNOWLEDGE USEFUL FOR LIFE SCIENCE INDUSTRY

4
OBJECTIVES

• PUT TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN PUBLIC DOMAIN IN
  ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN MODERN ELECTRONIC FORMAT
• LINK TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE TO MODERN SCIENTIFIC
  AND PATENT LITERATURE
• USE DATABASE FOR DEFENSIVE AND POSITIVE LEGAL
  PROTECTION
• ADDRESS PATENTABILITY ISSUES
• INCREASE INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF TRADITIONAL
  KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS
• CATALYSE SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION

5
FEATURES OF HEALTH HERITAGE DATABASE

• NON-PATENT AND PATENT LITERATURE ON MEDICINAL
  PLANTS WIDELY USED IN AYURVEDA
• REPRODUCTION OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE (ORIGINAL
  SANSKRIT, TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION)
• SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND
  MEDICINAL/CLINICAL STUDIES DONE ON MEDICINAL
  PLANTS AND THEIR EXTRACTS
• STRUCTURES OF NEW CHEMICALS ISOLATED
• FULL TEXT OF PATENTS
• BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
• FREE TEXT SEARCH FACILITY
• DEMO OF HEALTH HERITAGE / WIPO PORTAL

6
AYUTA INDEX

• KNOWLEDGE OF AURVEDA CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN THREE
  BASIC PARTS
• HETU (CAUSE)
• LAKSHAN (SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)
• AUSHADH (TREATMENT)
• INFORMATION SCATTERED IN DIFFERENT TEXTS
• COMPILED REFERENCES FROM FOUR PRINCIPLE TEXTS IN
  AN INDEXED FORM
• BROUGHT TOGETHER ALL THE EFFECTS RESULTING FROM
  EVERY SIGNLE CAUSE, ALL ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS WHICH
  CAN CAUSE EVERY SINGLE DISEASE OR CONDITION AND
  TREATMENT METHODS
• PREPARATION OF COMPUTER READABLE DATABASE MADE
  DATA MINING EASY-DIAGNOSTIC SOFTWARE

7
IS THE ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR A RABIES VIRUS
RECEPTOR ?
Vol. 215 8.1.1982
BRIDGE BETWEEN TK AND MODERN SCIENCE

• ABSTRACT
• Rabies virus was found on mouse diaphragms
  and on cultured chick myotubes in a distribution
  coinciding with that of the acetylcholine
  receptor. Treatment of the myotubes with
  ?-bungarotoxin and d-tubocurarine before the
  addition of the virus reduced the number of
  myotubes that became infected with rabies virus.
  These findings together suggest that
  acetylcholine receptors may serve as receptors
  for rabies virus. The binding of virus to
  acetylcholine receptors, which are present in
  high density at the neuromuscular junction, would
  provide a mechanism whereby the virus could be
  locally concentrated at sites in proximity to
  peripheral nerves facilitating subsequent uptake
  and transfer to the central nervous system.

Lentz et. al.
8
BRIDGE BETWEEN TK AND MODERN SCIENCE Datura as a
prophylaxis for rabies

• The affected person be made to drink the essence
  of Arka tree. This will clear his stomach of
  poison, if any, by vomiting. Sveta, Punarnava or
  Datura be administered. Palala, Oilseeds of Tila
  and essence of Rupika with Joggery drain the
  poison of Alarka (mad dog) as the wind drives
  away the clouds.

9
Karsa measure of root of Sarapunkha along with a
half of Datura measure be mixed with the
rice-water be ground with wet rice - this paste
be wrapped by Unmattaka leaves and cooked as a
cake.

• This cake be eaten by a person, who is bitten by
  Alarka and poisoned. Whatever the ills caused by
  the bite of mad dog are cured by this medicine.

10
DATURA AS A PROPHYLAXIS FOR RABIES

• CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF DATURA ARE SCOPOLAMINE,
  ATROPINE AND MANY OTHER ALKALOIDS
• THESE ALKALOIDS PREDOMINANTLY BLOCK THE MUSCARNIE
  ACTION OF ACETYLCHLORINE
• DATURA FOR RABIES TREATMENT REPRESENTS THE FIRST
  DOCUMENTED EXAMPLE OF PROPHYLAXIS BY RECEPTOR
  BLOCKADE

11
THERAPEUTICS FOR CEREBRAL MALARIA
Active Principle of Chinese Plant Artemisia
annua Known Since 340 AD
12
PATENTS FOR ANTIMALARIAL COMPOSITIONS
United States Patent 5,219,865 Chatterjee ,  
et al. (Hoechst) June 15, 1993 Pharmaceutical
combination for the prophylaxis and therapy of
malaria Abstract The present invention relates
to combinations of the malaria therapeutics
artemisinine, dihydroartemisinine, arteether,
artemether, artesunate or other artemisinine
derivatives with one or more of the antimalarials
chloroquine, 10-0-methylfloxacrine, quinine,
mefloquine, amodiaquine, pyrimethamine,
sulfadoxine and primaquine. Synergistic actions
are achieved with them on treatment of mammals,
including humans, with subcurative doses of the
individual substances. United States Patent
5,677,331 Zhou ,   et al. (Ciba Geigy) October
14, 1997 Antimalarial compositions Abstract The
invention relates to a synergistic antimalarial
composition which comprises the antimalarial
agent benflumetol and also an antimalarial agent
from the artemisinine group such as artemether.
The composition can be formulated into solid
dosage forms such as tablets and is useful for
the treatment of drug resistant malaria.  
13
IPR ISSUES

• IP PROTECTION BEYOND TK ON MEDICINAL PLANTS
• ACTIVE INGREDIENTS / CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
• COMBINATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
  AND SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS
• MINOR VARIANTS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING COMPOUNDS
• EMPHASIS ON PATENTABILITY AND VALIDITY

14
PATENT ON AROMATIC,MEDICINAL AND ECONOMIC
PLANTS(PAMEP)

• PROJECT SUPPORTED BY DBT
• STUDY PATENTS ON 2000 PLANTS
• EMPHASIS ON TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS
• INPUT FOR CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF
  BIODIVERSITY

15
PAMEP
.

• Plant Breeding, Propagation and Cultivation
• Formulations and their methods of preparation
• Food Applications
• Industrial Uses
• Active Components
• Agrochemical uses
• Dietary Supplements
• Processing
• Traditional Usage
• New Medicinal Usage
• Harvesting and post-harvest processing
• Other Misc. Uses

16
PATENT MAPPING FOR RESEARCH PLANNING
17
CURRENT TRENDS

• VALIDATION OF AYURVEDA CONCEPTS ON MODERN
  SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES
• CREATE VALUE BY SYNTHESIS BETWEEN ANCIENT
  INSIGHTS AND MODERN DISCOVERIES
• INNOVATION BY SCIENTIFICATION OF TRADITIONAL
  MEDICINAL KNOWLEDGE

18
VALIDATION OF AYURVEDA CONCEPTS

• CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS BASED ON
  MECHANISM OF ACTION
• CASE STUDIES
• -THERAPEUTICS DIABETES
• - COSMECEUTICALS SKIN CARE

19
MECHANISMS FOR DIABETES

• BETA CELL ACTIVATION
• BETA CELL REGENERATION
• PANCREATIC TONING/ PROTECTION
• INSULIN MIMICKING
• IMPROVEMENT OF GLUCOSE TOLERANCE/ INSULIN
  EFFICIENCY
• REDUCTION OF GLUCOSE ABSORPTION
• IMPROVEMENT IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
• IMPROVEMENT OF FAT METABOLISM
• OTHER MECHANISM

20
COSMECEUTICALS SKIN CARE

• HYPER-PIGMENTATION/SKIN LIGHTENING
• ANTI-AGING
• WOUND HEALING
• ACNE
• SUN PROTECTION
• SKIN INFECTIONS

21
MECHANISM FOR HYPER-PIGMENTATION/SKIN LIGHTENING

• TYROSINASE INHIBITION
• MELANOGENESIS INHIBITION
• SUPPRESSING ENDOTHELIN- 1
  FORMATION
• REDUCTION OF KERATINOCYTE DERIVED
  IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CYTOKINES
• PREVENT UVB-INDUCED IMMUNE SUPPRESSION IN THE
  SKIN
• PIGMENTATION INHIBITORY EFFECT

22
MINERALIA MEDICA

• MEDICINES OF MINERAL ORIGIN WERE WIDELY USED
• BHASMAS ARE STILL IN USE
• HAS REMAINED AS NEGLETED AREA OF RESEARCH DUE TO
  PERCEPTION OF TOXICITY
• NO MENTION OF BHASMAS IN THE CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
  FROM VOL.1 (1906) TO TILL DATE
• ON INTERNET ONLY COMMERCIAL INFORMATION AVAILABLE
• NO CLASSICAL WORK TRANSLATED IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE
• COMPILED ALL THE LITERATURE ON BHASMAS,
  TRANSLATED IN ENGLISH,COLLECTED SCIENTIFIC
  LITERATURE
• PCT APPLICATION ON ONE PARTICULAR BHASMA ALREADY
  BEEN FILED

23
METALLOPHARMACEUTICALS

• METAL BASED DRUGS
• - CANCER (Pt)
• ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
• - Cu OR Zn
• ANTIDIABETIC DRUG
• -Cr AND V
• ANTIMICROBIALS
• - Zn, Bi, METAL CLUSTERS
• DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
• - Cu, Zn AND Fe
• EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
• - NANOTECHNOLOGY

24
LEECH
25
LEECH

• LEECHES HAVE BEEN USED AS AN ALTERNATIVE
  TREATMENT TO BLOOD LETTING AND AMPUTATION FOR
  SEVERAL THOUSAND YEARS
• IT WAS USED FIRST FOR MEDICINE IN ANCIENT INDIA
  ABOUT 1000 BC
• IN AYURVEDA LEECH THERAPY IS CALLED AS JALOUKA
  PRAYOGA
• LEECH SALIVA HAS ANALGESTIC AND ANASTHETIC EFFECT
  
•  MAJOR SPECIES USED IN MEDICINE
• Ø      HIRUDO MEDICINALIS - EUROPEAN
• Ø      HIRUDINARIA MANILLENSIS - ASIAN
• Ø      HAEMENTERIA GHILIANII - AMAZON

26
US FDA APPROVAL

• IN JUNE 2004, US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
  CLEARED THE FIRST APPLICATION FOR LEECHES TO BE
  USED FOR COMMERCIAL MARKETING IN MODERN MEDICINE
  AS MEDICAL DEVICES
•  RICARIMPEX SAS , A FRENCH FIRM, WAS THE FIRST
  COMPANY TO REQUEST AND RECEIVE FDA CLEARANCE TO
  MARKET LEECHES AS MEDICAL DEVICE
•  FDA DETERMINED THAT LEECHES ARE MEDICAL DEVICES
  BECAUSE THEY MEET THE DEFINATION OF A MEDICAL
  DEVICE UNDER THE FOOD, DRUG AND COSMETICS ACT

27
LEECH THERAPY

• SKIN GRAFTING AND REATTACHMENT SURGERY
• APPLICATION ON ARTHRITIC KEEN REDUCES JOINT PAIN
  AND SWELLING
• PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY PROVIDES
  CRITICAL VENOUS OUTFLOW FOR TISSUE REPLANTATION
• BREAST RECONSTRUCTION
• REDUCES POST SURGERICAL VENOUS ENGORGEMENT
• CONTINUOUS VENOVENOUS HEMODIALYSIS IN LIVER
  TRANSPLANTATION
• LEECHES APPLIED ON THE TIP OF THE TONGUE TO
  REMOVE THE SYMPTOMS CHARACTERISTIC FOR GLOSSALGIA

28
HIRUDIN  

• HIRUDIN-NATURALLY OCCURRING PEPTIDE IN THE
  SALIVARY GLANDS OF LEECHES
• ANTICOAGULANT
• INHIBIT THE THROMBIN CATALYTIC SITE
• DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH OTHER SERUM PROTEINS AND
  CAN ACT ALSO ON BOUND THROMBIN
• RELIEVES ACUTE VENOUS CONGESTION
• REDUCES THE RISK OF NONFATAL MYOCARDIAL
  INFARCTION IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

29
MODERN RESEARCH

• INHIBITOR HUMAN TRYPTASE ISOLATED FROM LEECHES
• BIVALIRUDIN (HIRULOG) INHIBITS THROMBOSIS
• HIRULLIN POLYPEPTIDE A STRONG ANTITHROMBIC
  ACTIVITY
• ANTIMETASTATIC FACTOR COMPRISING A PROTEIN
  SUBSTANCE HAVING FACTOR XA INHIBITORY ACTIVITY
  ISOLATED FROM SALIVARY GLAND OF HAEMENTERIA
  GHILIANII
• HEMENTIN, A POLYPEPTIDE DERIVED FROM LEECH
  SALIVARY GLANDS FOR PREVENTS FORMATION AND
  DEAGGREGATION OF PLATELET-RICH CLOTS OR THROMBUS
• HIRUDIN (OR RELATED CHEMICALS) HAVE BEEN
  SYNTHESISED USING RECOMBINANT-DNA TECHNOLOGY.

30
MODERN RESEARCH
CONTD..

• A RECOMBINANT ANTISTASIN TYPE SERINE PROTEINASE
  INHIBITORS
•  POLYPEPTIDE INHIBITING C1 ESTERASE AND /OR
  FACTOR XII USED IN GENE THERAPY FOR
  CARDIOVASCULAR, INFLAMMATORY OR AUTO IMMUME
  DISORDES
• PROTEIN BLOCKS STIMULATION OF PLATELET
  AGGREGATION BY COLLAGEN USEFUL IN TREATMENT OF
  THROMBOTIC DISEASES
• NEW THROMBOLYTIC ENZYME DESTABILASE,
  ENDO-EPSI(GAMMA-GLU)-LYS-ISOPEPTIDASE, SHOWING
  EXO-EPSI(GAMMA-GLU)-LYS-ISOPEPTIDASE AND
  AMIDOLYTIC ACTIVITY OBTAINED FROM HIRUDINIDAE
• RECOMBINANT PROTEIN HAVING FIBRINOLYTIC AND
  COAGULATION-FACTOR XA-INHIBITING AMINO ACID
  SEQUENCE-INHIBITING PROPERTIES

31
INTO THE FUTURE

• LINK BETWEEN PHARMACOGENOMICS AND TMK
• PERSONALISED MEDICINE
• CONVERT CONCEPTS INTO PRODUCTS,DEVICES,MACHINE
• KNOWLEDGE and IPR MANAGEMENT IS THE KEY

32
IN CONCLUSION

• IT MIGHT WELL BE SAID OF ME THAT HERE I HAVE
  MERELY MADE UP A BUNCH OF OTHER MENS FLOWERS,
  AND PROVIDED NOTHING OF MY OWN BUT THE STRING TO
  BIND THEM.
• - MONTAIGNE, ESSAIS

33
CSIR Unit for Research and Development of
Information Products85/1 Paud Road, Pune - 411038
34
MECHANISMS FOR ANTI-STRESS

• ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE
• ANTI-FATIGUE EFFECT
• ADAPTOGENIC ACTIVITY
• ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY
• CATECHOLAMINE SECRETION
• ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
• ANXIOLYTIC EFFECT
• AS IMMUNO-ENHANCER

35
MECHANISMS FOR OBESITY

• ALPHA AMYLASE INHIBITORS/STARCH BLOCKERS
• LIPASE INHIBITORS
• INHIBITS LIPID DROPLET ACCUMULATION IN FAT CELLS
• WEIGHT CONTROL / ENHANCING WEIGHT LOSS
• REDUCING BODY MASS INDEX
• AFFECTING BILE ACID ABSORPTION
• HYPOLIPIDEMIC- LOWERING CHOLESTEROL CONTENT OF
  LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL)
• ELEVATING HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL)
  CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS
• SERUM CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS
  REDUCTION
• APPETITE SUPPRESSANT

36
MINERALIA MEDICA

• MEDICINES OF MINERAL ORIGIN WERE WIDELY USED
• BHASMAS ARE STILL IN USE
• HAS REMAINED AS NEGLETED AREA OF RESEARCH DUE TO
  PERCEPTION OF TOXICITY
• NO MENTION OF BHASMAS IN THE CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
  FROM VOL.1 (1906) TO TILL DATE
• ON INTERNET ONLY COMMERCIAL INFORMATION AVAILABLE
• NO CLASSICAL WORK TRANSLATED IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE
• COMPILED ALL THE LITERATURE ON BHASMAS,
  TRANSLATED IN ENGLISH,COLLECTED SCIENTIFIC
  LITERATURE
• PCT APPLICATION ON ONE PARTICULAR BHASMA ALREADY
  BEEN FILED

37
AYUTA INDEX

• KNOWLEDGE OF AURVEDA CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN THREE
  BASIC PARTS
• HETU (CAUSE)
• LAKSHAN (SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)
• AUSHADH (TREATMENT)
• INFORMATION SCATTERED IN DIFFERENT TEXTS
• COMPILED REFERENCES FROM FOUR PRINCIPLE TEXTS IN
  AN INDEXED FORM
• BROUGHT TOGETHER ALL THE EFFECTS RESULTING FROM
  EVERY SIGNLE CAUSE, ALL ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS WHICH
  CAN CAUSE EVERY SINGLE DISEASE OR CONDITION AND
  TREATMENT METHODS
• PREPARATION OF COMPUTER READABLE DATABASE MADE
  DATA MINING EASY-DIAGNOSTIC SOFTWARE