All Roads lead to Rome

1
All Roads Lead to Rome
2
50,000 miles from Britannia to Tigris-Euphrates
3
The Geography of Rome
4
Italy in 750 BCE
5
Strengths of Rome

• Protected from Sea invasions (Geography)
• Located in the on a place on the Tiber River that
  was a crossing for all therefore it was located
  in the middle of trade routes.
• The Republic allowed for both flexibility and
  stability
• It allowed for input from all of the classes and
  it changed with election instead of overthrowing
  the government (Laws later become government)
• Every adult male citizen was obligated to serve
  in the army. Discipline was strict.
• High morals acquired from the legions permeated
  throughout the Republic (Legions)
• After conquering a people the Romans shared
  citizenship and thus political power with those
  conquered. (Just application of the Laws and
  Language)
• The ideals of the legion were passed on through
  the family and the father known as the
  paterfamilias and their control of the
  agricultural economy on their small farms.
• These farmers were also known as citizen-farmers.

6
Influence of the Etruscans
Writing Religion
7
The Mythical Founding of RomeRomulus Remus
8
The Roman Republic 509 BCE - 27 BCE
9
Republic Established 509 BCE

• Rape of Lucretia
• Etruscan Tarqin monarchs overthrown
• Assembly of Tribes (35)
• 31 Rural Tribes
• 4 Urban Tribes

10
Republican Government
2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome)
Senate (Representative body for patricians)
Tribal Assembly (Representative body for
plebeians)
11
Compared to US
12
Struggle of the Orders

• Patricians
• Plebeians
• Attempts to balance their power allows for the
  creation of the
• patrician class attempting to hold onto power
• plebeians trying to achieve social and political
  equality
• patricians found could not to exist without the
  plebeians
• plebeians produce the food and supply the labor
  that kept the Roman economy going
• supplied the soldiers for the Roman military.
• If the plebeians could act as a group, they could
  effectively shut down the Roman economy and
  military
• the latter was especially important since Rome
  was in continual military conflict during the age
  of the Republic.

13
The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
Providing political and social rights for the
plebeians.
14
The Roman Forum
15
Romes Early Road System
16
The Apian Way
17
Roman Aqueducts
18
Circus Maximus
19
Carthaginian Empire
20
Hannibals Route
21
Reform Leaders
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus - the poor should be
given grain and small plots of free land.
Military Reformer
Gaius Marius - recruited an army from the poor
and homeless. - professional standing army.
22
Civil War Dictators
Julius Caesar
Pompey
23
Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BCE
The Die is Cast!
24
The First Triumvirate

• Julius Caesar
• Becomes First Counsul
• Never emperor
• Seizes power
• Defeats Crassus and Pomey
• Marcus Licinius Crassus
• Gaius Magnus Pompey

25
Beware the Ides of March!44 BCE
26
The Second Triumvirate

• Octavian Augustus
• First Emperor of Rome
• Establishes the Roman Imperial period
• Marc Antony
• Battle of Actium
• Marcus Lepidus

27
The Roman Empire 27 BCE - 476 CE
28
Octavian AugustusRomes First Emperor
29
The First Roman Dynasty
30
Pax Romana 27 BC 180 AD
31
The Roman Coliseum
32
The Coliseum Interior
33
The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire 14 AD
34
The Rise of Christianity
35
St. Paul Apostle to the Gentiles
36
The Spread of Christianity
37
Imperial Roman Road System
38
The Empire in Crisis 3c
39
Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two 294 AD
40
Constantine 312 - 337
41
Constantinople The 2nd RomeFounded in 330
42
Barbarian Invasions 4c-5c
43
Attila the HunThe Scourge of God
44
Byzantium Eastern Roman Fall of Rome in the
West - 1453
Hagia Sophia ca. 532-537
45
The Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of Justinian
46
Byzantine Emperor Justinian
47
The Legacy of Rome

• Republic Government
• Roman Law
• Latin Language
• Roman Legions
• Roman Catholic Church
• City Planning
• Romanesque Architectural Style
• Roman Engineering
• Aqueducts
• Keystone block in the arch
• sewage systems
• Dams
• cement

48
Trades routes correlate with growth of cities
49
Weaponry

• Gladius
• Based on Spanish mercenary sword, shorter
  thrusting sword
• 2 long with heavy, 2 wide sharply
  pointed blade
• Caused intense wounds that were
  often fatal
• Closed the distance with enemy
  forced adaptation of shield

50
Importance to Rome
Roman Legions
Geography The legions were the armed forces of
Rome and were therefore responsible for
increasing Romes boundaries, and defending the
Roman Empire on any terrain.
Social At one point in time, the legions
consisted of all free males who owned property,
and were citizens. It was expected of the Romans
to fight in the army. This meant that it was
expected, socially, for men to be involved in
battle.
Aerial view of a Roman Army
Political The leader of each legion was often a
governor of the area in which their legion
resided. This gave each force an element of
control, despite being governed by a higher
official.
Cultural Originally, legions were not full
forces. They were put together when needed, and
disbanded when no longer necessary. It was
socially acceptable for Romans to enjoy the
bloody spectacle of battle, so their immediate
lives involved the legions, and most likely being
a member of one when necessary.
51
Rome Adapts

• Completely reorganizes army.
• Tactics during battle still not seen as
  important part of warfare.
• Cavalry still not seen as an offensive unit and
  will not be for a while.

It has come to the triarii!
52
Way the Classic Legion Operated

• With many wars under
• its belt the Roman
• Empire held dominance
• on the battlefield
• Rome had tactics that
• only it had the
• resources to pull off

53
Naval Warfare
Quinquereme
Trireme
54
Legionary Rucksack
The t-shaped pole carried by a legionary held his
tool and ration kit. Three days rations were his
limit. In addition there were tools used to
build roads, overnight camps and fortifications
as needed.
55
Standards and Pilums
56
THE WORLD OF EARLY ROME
57
ROMAN ROADS
58
The Roman Empire
This Powerpoint is hosted on www.worldofteaching.c
om Please visit for 100s more free powerpoints
59
Principal Roman Emperors
60
Diocletian

• Divided the empire for better administration
• Tetrarchy (2 Augusti, 2 Caesars)
• Diocletian retired, forced Maximiam to retire
• Chaos followed

61
Barbarian Invasions
62
VII. Celebrated Ideals in Imperial Literature

• Golden Age of Latin Literature 100 BCE-14 AD
• Virgils Aeneidtestimony to Roman greatness
• Livys History of Rome
• Elegant, humanistic and worldly in both content
  and style

63
VIII. Roman Medicine

• The major issue of fertility
• Roman contraceptives
• Similar to Hellenistic therapies
• Not much respect for doctors
• Most famous court physician Galen (129-199 AD)