PostProduction Output

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Post-ProductionOutput
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Post-Production

• Retouching
• Image processing
• Compositing
• Editing
• Timing
• Transitions
• Music and sound effects
• Titles and credits
• Render/save in desired formats

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Retouching
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Image Processing

• Color correction
• Sharpening, blurring
• Depth of field
• Day-for-night
• NTSC Colors
• Various other effects

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Compositing

• Traditional matting techniques
• Mattes painted on glass or film
• Special camera with projector could combine two
  video sequences
• Computerized compositing
• Two video sources
• Alpha channel specifies transparency
• Traveling matte moving alpha channel
• E.g. garbage matte to remove wires,
  scaffolding, lights, microphones, etc.
• Blue screen blue background is made transparent

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Editing

• Well use Windows Movie Maker (or whatever you
  have handy)
• Demo
• Remember be sure you have the rights to the
  music and images you use if you want to show
  beyond fair use (personal or educational use)
• Can you find a friend to compose and perform
  music, sound effects?
• Free sources of music and sound effects on the
  internet
• Sound effect CDs

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Titles and Credits

• Credit where credit is due
• Before or after
• Opening sequence for your production group

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Output

• Resolution
• Frames per second
• Interlace
• Common formats
• NTSC
• Composite, S-video, component (Y, R-Y, B-Y)
• D1-resolution 720x486
• PAL, SECAM
• DV 525 lines, 51 compression, 25 Mbps, 0.9
• HDTV (various formats, codecs, bit rates)

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Digital Video

• JPEG ISO Joint Picture Experts Group
• JPEG standard issued in 1992, approved 1994
• MPEG ISO Motion Picture Experts Group
• H.261 MPEG-1 (early 1990s)
• MPEG-1 audio layer 3 MP3
• H.262 MPEG-2 video, 1994 (used in DVDs)
• H.263 MPEG-4 part 2 ASP, 1996
• H.264 MPEG-4 part 10 AVC, 2003
• H.265 planned for about 2010

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• JPEG
• Convert 8x8-pixel blocks to the frequency domain
  with a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for each
  color channel
• Coefficient quantization
• Perceptual filtering
• Downsampling color
• Entropy coding
• Compression ratios 6-1, 20-1, 100-1

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• MPEG (H.261)
• Intended for video at CD data rates
• 1.5 Mbps
• 352x240 video
• Based on JPEG
• Extensions for video
• I-frame Intra frame (key frame)
• P-frame Predictive
• B-frame Bi-predictive

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MPEG-2 (H.262)

• Used in DVDs
• DVDs typically use about 5 Mbps for D1 video
• VOB container format (Video OBject)
• Common data rates for HD, over the air
• 19.7 Mbps, 8.9 GB/hr
• For cable, may be as low as 13, or even 10 Mbps

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MPEG-4 ASP (H.263)

• MPEG-4 has 21 profiles including Simple, Advanced
  Simple, Main, Core, Advanced Real Time Simple,
  etc.
• ASP Advanced simple profile (1996)
• Optimized for low-bitrate use, e.g. Internet
• Many implementations of H.263 exist
• DivX
• XVid
• Like MPEG-2, with support for Interlacing,
  B-frames, motion compensation
• Not much advantage over MPEG-2

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MPEG-4 AVC (H.264)

• Advanced Video Coding (2003)
• Good-quality video at lower bit rates (similar
  quality at half the bit rate of H.263)
• 2-3 times more computationally intensive
• Features
• Multi-frame prediction
• Better motion compensation
• Multiple motion vectors per multiblock
• Variable block size
• Weighted prediction
• Logarithmic quantization
• Better entropy coding
• Etc, etc etc

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MPEG-4

• Advanced audio codecs
• MPEG 4 part 3, Advanced Audio Codec (AAC) major
  improvement over MPEG-2s AC3
• Container
• VOB replaced with a new container format based on
  Apples QuickTime
• Microsoft tried to scrabbling together its own
  container format and get it in the standard, but
  QuickTime is proven, having been in continuous
  support and use since 1991

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H.264 support

• Many profiles, levels of support
• Patented technologies, depending on your country
• Implementations
• HD-DVD and Blu-Ray
• Apple iTunes, iPod, Apple TV (different
  profiles)
• Adobe in Flash player
• Youtube
• ATSC (HDTV) in US
• Digital video broadcast in Europe
• Satellite broadcast
• Etc, etc

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Microsoft

• Embrace and extend vs. standardization
• Microsoft defined VC-1 video compressor, based on
  H.263, but modified in incompatible ways (Windows
  Media 9). This is the video compression format
  they push
• MS is fighting against standardization on H.264,
  despite its superiority
• E.g. MS-supported HD-DVD uses (used) VC-1

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Apple

• Uses ISO standards where possible
• .mp4 video and audio
• .m4a just audio, aka AAC
• .m4b audio book
• .m4p protected audio, AAC with their own
  FairPlay DRM

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DivX, XviD

• Microsofts new ADF container format (used with
  Windows Media V3 and VC-1) was an embrace and
  extend variant of H.263, intended to be
  proprietary
• hackers took the MS codec, VC-1, and used older
  AVI container format to make DivX -)
• DivX the company used it, varied it
• Now fully H.263-compliant
• XviD free and open source variant.

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HDTV

• Blu-Ray 25 GB per layer, H.264 most often,
  though VC-1 is supported
• HD-DVD 15 GB per layer, VC-1 (Windows Media 9)
  most often, though H.264 is supported
• Blu-Ray invited Microsoft to support it, but MS
  insisted on support for WinCE-based HDi for
  interactive content.
• Blu-Ray was already using BDi, from HP, based on
  Java. 3-month test no switch.
• Microsoft was livid (Peter Burrows of
  BusinessWeek).
• MS announced exclusive support for HD-DVD.
• Reportedly, Toshiba was ready to drop HD-DVD and
  join Blu-Ray but they get a big cash infusion
  from someone
• To run WinCE/HDi menus, Toshiba needed P4
  processor, 1GB ram, 256GB flash, etc -- 674
  parts cost originally

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Blu-Ray vs. HD-DVD

• Nov. 2006, MS offered USB-based HD-DVD for Xbox
  360, sold 155,000 in 8 mo.
• Sony included Blu-Ray in PS3 sold 6.2 million.
• Recently, Warner defected from HD-DVD to Blu-Ray
• Fox may follow
• The format war is over
• HD-DVDs on fire sale (130, with 5 movies)

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Your output

• For Wednesday Use MSs highest quality standard
  format seems to be High-quality Video (Large)
• Dont use DivX, XviD, H.264, etc.
• For stereo, left and right videos seems best
• Turn in your final project
• Same format as before would be fine
• I may also be able to use some other formats
• Class DVD
• Ill make a class DVD.
• You pick up later, in my office
• Who wants one?