Motivation, Goal Setting, Arousal, Anxiety, Mental Rehearsal, Aggression

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Motivation, Goal Setting,Arousal,Anxiety,Menta
l Rehearsal, Aggression
FACTORS THAT AFFECT PERFORMANCE
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LEARNING OUTCOMES

• At the end of this unit of work, you should be
  able to
• Define Motivation, Personality, Goals, Arousal,
  Anxiety, Aggression and explain how they relate
  to performance.
• Set SMARTER goals.
• Explain how to set optimum levels of
  arousal for sport.

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Definitions of Motivation

• .is why people do what they do
• The direction and intensity of ones effort
• Determination to Achieve
• TASK Think of 2 examples from professional sport
  where athletes show unbelievable motivation to
  achieve.

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MOTIVATION

• The more motivated you are, the more likely you
  are to succeed
• The more motivated you are, the harder you will
  work (Apparently!)
• Research has indicated that there are two main
  forms of motivation..

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Intrinsic motivation

• Intrinsic motivation comes from the activity
  itself for the love of the game
• the zone - the ultimate
• You enjoy the sport regardless of the rewards
• You may play for fun, the satisfaction of
  performing well or for the pride in winning.

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Extrinsic motivation

• Extrinsic motivation comes from rewards and
  outside factors/pressures.
• Winning
• Prize money
• Rankings
• Sponsorship
• Avoid letting team down
• These are called extrinsic motivators

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Which is best?Intrinsic or extrinsic?

• Often a mix of both
• Extrinsic motivators alone, are not good
• What happens when the sponsors pull out, or the
  prize money stops?
• The athletes often stop playing
• However it is intrinsic motivation that will
  keep us interested in sport when extrinsic
  rewards runs out.

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Motivation and goals

• What is a goal?
• Why are goals useful?

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What makes a good goal?SMARTER Goals !

• Specific
• Measurable
• Agreed
• Realistic

• Time-phased
• Exiting
• Recorded

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Task work in a pairFor a sport that you play,
devise a goal using the SMARTER principle
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AROUSAL

• List how you might feel before a big game, or at
  the start of a big race
• Try and come up at least 5 different feelings.

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Arousal

• How do you perform if youre not up for it!
• How do you perform if youre too up for it!

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AROUSAL

• Arousal a state of excitement and alertness.
• Both physiological, and mental.

• The type of personality you display can go a
  long way to predicting the type of sport you
  prefer to play or the way you handle pressure.
• Two different types known as
• INTRINSIC
• EXTRINSIC

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HOW DOES PERSONALITY INFLUENCE PERFORMANCE?

• EXTROVERTS PREFER
• TEAM SPORTS
• ACTIVITIES INVOLVING THE WHOLE BODY
• PLENTY OF ACTIVITY AND UNPREDICTABILITY
• INTROVERTS PREFER
• INDIVIDUAL SPORTS
• ACTIVITIES INVOLVING FINE PHYSICAL SKILLS
• ACTIVITIES WITH LIMITED MOVEMENT
• ROUTINE AND REPETITIVE SPORTS

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PERSONALITY TASK

• WRITE DOWN WORDS THAT MIGHT DESCRIBE YOUR
  PERSONALITY. THEN WRITE DOWN THE SPORTS YOU
  PARTICULARLY LIKE TO PLAY AND WATCH. DO YOUR
  SPORTS MATCH UP WITH YOUR PERSONALITY.

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The Inverted U theory

• As arousal increases you get better up to a
  certain point, after which you get worse

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Type of person?
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Type of Sport?
Performance
Surfing?
Darts
Kick boxing
Arousal
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• The sport can affect the placement of the curve
• The person can affect the placement of the curve

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Adrenaline
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What is adrenaline and what does it do?

• Produced by the adrenal glands
• When you are frightened or nervous they squirt
  adrenaline into your blood
• Makes your heart beat faster ? more oxygen and
  glucose into muscles
• Blood vessels in gut and skin contract, shunting
  (forcing) blood to the muscles (makes your
  stomach feel empty butterflies)
• Makes muscles tense ready for action (muscles
  shiver)

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Increasing / decreasing arousal
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Coping with Anxiety

• Anxiety Your evaluation of increasing or
  decreasing arousal
• We get anxious about performance before
  competition, the presence of a crowd can lift
  levels of anxiety, especially those of
  inexperienced players
• 2 components
• Worry
• Physiological effects
• Over anxiety is a problem if anxiety itself is
  perceived as being negative.
• SO HOW CAN WE DEAL AND CONTROL ANXIETY?

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Mental rehearsal

• Used by top athletes
• Athletes who utilise imagery improve their sport
  skills to a greater degree than those who do not
  (Isaac, 1992).
• Elite athletes report using imagery more often
  than non elite athletes (Hall et al., 1991).

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• Mental practice and imagery work because the
  individual literally plans his/her actions in
  advance (Sackett, 1934).
• Imagery can help athletes adjust their arousal
  levels for optimal performance
• Linked to visualisation, seeing yourself cross
  the finish line or score the winning goal
• Mental rehearsal is better than no practice
• Mental rehearsal combined with physical practice
  is more effective than either alone.

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• Relaxation Training Through controlled breathing
  and by relaxing the body, trying to reduce the
  heart rate.
• Thinking positively Telling ourselves that we
  are good enough and that we can do well
• A good coach can also help with coping with
  anxiety by giving verbal reassurances, talking
  calmly and helping us to focus.

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To finish

• We have covered
• What is arousal?
• Inverted U theory
• Arousal control
• Adrenalin
• Anxiety
• Mental rehearsal

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HOMEWORK

• What is Motivation?
• Explain the difference between intrinsic and
  extrinsic motivation?
• What motivates you to play your sport? There may
  be several factors?
• Give three examples of extrinsic motivators?
• Name one extrinsic motivator connected with your
  sport?
• Give 4 reasons why goals help an athlete?
• List the seven characteristics of a goal?
• Map out some sports goals for yourself for the
  next six months?
• How do athletes control anxiety?
• What personality build up should top athletes aim
  to have?

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• TO UNDERSTAND REASONS WHY PERFORMANCE AND
  PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS AFFECTED
• TO PROVIDE SPORTING EXAMPLES TO CONSOLIDATE OUR
  KNOWLEDGE OF FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE

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FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE

• WE HAVE LOOKED AT REASONS FOR PARTICIPATION,
  HEALTH RELATED EXERCISE AND FACTORS THAT MAKE A
  CHAMPION
• SO WHY DO PEOPLE FAIL TO PARTICIPATE WHEN THE
  EFFECTS ARE SO OBVIOUSLY POSITIVE

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FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE

• MICHAEL OWEN IS A POSITIVE ROLE MODEL TO
  YOUNGSTERS DUE TO HIS ABILITY, ATTITUDE AND
  LIFESTYLE.
• HIS FATHER WAS A PRO FOOTBALLER AND THEREFORE HE
  HAD AN EARLY INTRODUCTION TO THE SPORT ALONGSIDE
  ENCOURAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
• DO YOU GET PARENTAL SUPPORT WHEN YOU PLAY SPORT?

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FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE

• THE REACTION OF BILLY ELLIOTS FAMILY TO HIS
  SPORTING EXCELLENCE WAS ENTIRELY DIFFERENT.
• HIS FATHER WAS ASHAMED AT FIRST OF HIM BECOMING A
  BALLET DANCER! WOULD THIS HAVE PUT YOU OFF???

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FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE

• SOCIAL GROUPINGS ARE A KEY FACTOR IN INFLUENCING
  PARTICIPATION

GENDER
PEERS
RACE CULTURE
SOCIO ECONOMIC
FAMILY
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FAMILY

• MICHAEL OWEN HAS ALREADY BEEN HIGHLIGHTED AS
  HAVING A POSITIVE HOME LIFE
• NOW THINK UP SOME MORE SPORTS PERFORMERS WITH
  HIGH PROFILE PARENTAL SUPPORT
• SERENA VENUS WILLIAMS OR TIGER WOODS!

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FAMILY

• SOME INDIVIDUALS ARE ENCOURAGED TO PARTICIPATE IN
  SELF DEFENCE SPORTS SUCH AS BOXING, JUDO, KARATE
  ETC.
• WHEREAS SOME INDIVIDUALS ARE DISCOURAGED FROM
  TAKING PART IN CERTAIN SPORTS BILLY ELLIOTT!

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GENDER

• MALE PARTICIPATION IS HIGHER THAN FEMALE
• BUT WHY?
• MAINLY DUE TO MORE MALE SPORTS BEING AVAILABLE!
• DO YOU THINK AEROBICS AND STEP SHOULD BE TAUGHT
  IN PE LESSONS TO ENCOURAGE PARTICIPATION FOR THE
  FUTURE FOR GIRLS?

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PEERS

• ATTENDING A CLUB TO MEET FRIENDS OR BECAUSE YOUR
  FRIENDS GO IS A POSITIVE FACTOR
• HOWEVER!
• SOME GROUPS DEEM SPORTS PARTICIPATION AS UNCOOL
  OR A WASTE OF TIME!

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RACE, TRADITION CULTURE

• IN SOME COUNTRIES SPORTS ARE KNOWN AS NATIONAL
  SPORTS AND ARE MORE POPULAR
• PICK OUT THREE NATIONAL SPORTS FROM THREE
  DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
• CANADA ICE HOCKEY. WEST INDIES CRICKET. USA
  BASEBALL. EIRE GAELIC FOOTBALL.
• BUT SOME COUNTRIES DISAPPROVE OF WOMENS SPORT?

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SOCIO- ECONOMIC

• SOME SPORTS ARE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN OTHERS
  EQUIPMENT COSTS AND MEMBERSHIP FEES
• UNEMPLOYMENT OR LACK OF DISPOSABLE INCOME ARE
  FUNDAMENTAL RESTRAINTS ON PARTICIPATION AS IS
  TIME!

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HOMEWORK

• DESCRIBE WHY EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MAY ALSO
  AFFECT PARTICIPATION BOTH POSITIVELY AND
  NEGATIVLEY
• DISABLITY
• LOCATION
• MEDIA
• EDUCATION

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AGGESSION IN SPORT

• WHEN WE SEE AGGRESSION IN SPORT IT CAN MEAN TWO
  DIFFERENT THINGS
• 1) ACTING WITH INTENT TO INJURE SOMEONE
• 2) ACTING FORCEFULLY WITHIN THE RULES OF THE
  SPORT TO ACHIEVE YOUR AIM.
• IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT THE AMOUNT AND
  TYPE OF AGGRESSION INVOLVED VARIES FROM SPORT TO
  SPORT
• GENERALLY THE MORE PHYSICAL CONTACT THERE IS
  BETWEEN PLAYERS THE MORE OBVIOUS THE AGGRESSION
  WILL BE

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ARE ALL ATHLETES AGGRESSIVE?

• TASK
• FOR EACH OF THE CATEGORIES NAMED BELOW NAME TWO
  SPORTS THAT YOU THINK MATCH UP TO THAT LEVEL OF
  AGGRESSION

LITTLE OBVIOUS AGGRESSION AGAINST
INDIRECT NON CONTACT
DIRECT AGGRESSION AN OBJECT AGGRESSION
AGGRESSION AGGRESSION
INCREASING AGGRESSION
CHOOSE FROM SWIMMING, BOXING, TENNIS, GOLF,
NETBALL, RUBGY, BASKETBALL, CRICKET, GYMNASTICS,
JAVELIN
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TYPES OF AGGRESSION DEFINED

• DIRECT AGGRESSION
• We have to be very aggressive to succeed
  at sports such as boxing, rugby etc. However we
  must compete within their strict rules. Some
  sports are hard to quantify as they are directly
  aggressive but physical contact is limited.
• INDIRECT AGGRESSION
• Used in sports such as volleyball and
  tennis. We hit the ball towards our opponents and
  the ball does the scoring and not the player. In
  other words the aggression is still aimed at the
  opponent but is directed through the projectile.
• OBJECT AGGRESSION
• Seen more in individual sports where an
  object rather than an opponent receives the
  aggression. For example a golfer may hit the ball
  aggressively, but this does not guarantee success.

Some sports require no aggression, try and come
up with 3 sports with your partner
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WHAT IS THE FACILITATOR TO AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR?

• MAKE A LIST OF ALL THE FACTORS THAT YOU CAN THINK
  OF THAT MAKE SPORTS PERFORMERS
• LOSE IT
• TRY AND BE SUBJECTIVE WITH YOUR ANSWERS

NOW WATCH THE VIDEO CLIP AND COMPARE YOUR ANSWERS
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EXTENSION QUESTIONS

• WHAT DOES AGGRESSION IN SPORT MEAN?
• GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF A) DIRECT AGGRESSION, B)
  INDIRECT AGGRESSION
• HOW MIGHT THIS PERSON SHOW AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
  WITHIN THE RULES A) A TENNIS PLAYER B) A SHOT
  PUTTER C) A BATSMAN D) A DANCER E) A SNOOKER
  PLAYER.