General Psychology

1
General Psychology

• Psychology 200

2
Topic IScience of Psychology

• Introduction

3

• Psychology Defined
• Definition
• Component Parts (3)
• Behavior
• Mental

4

• Factors that Influence
• Physiological
• Genetic
• Biological
• Environmental
• Familial
• Societal
• Cultural

5
Psychology as a Science

• Definition
• Types of Science
• Exact
• Applied
• Scientific Method
• Definition
• Empiricism
• Empirical Data

6
5 Elements of the Scientific Method

• Observe a Problem or Phenomena
• 2) Develop a hypothesis

7

• Design a Study
• Four Types of Studies
• Observation
• 2) Survey / Interview
• 3) Case History
• Experimentation
• Introduction
• Control through groping and variable manipulation
  

8

• Grouping
• Experimental
• Control
• Variable
• Definition
• Types
• Independent
• Dependent
• Confounding
• Random
• Collect and Analyze Data
• Draw a Proper Conclusion
• Repeatability
• Reliability
• Validity

9
Critical Thinking

• What am I asked to believe or accept?
• Is there evidence to support the claim?
• Can evidence be interpreted another way?
• What do you need to do to evaluate the claim?
• What conclusions are most reasonable?

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History of Psychology

• Introduction
• Early Origins

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Rise of Rationalism (1600)

• Introduction
• Rene Descarte
• John Lock

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Charles Darwin

• Bridge to Modern Theories

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Early Modern Theories (2)

• Structuralism (1879)
• Wilhelm Wundt
• Introspection
• Edward Tichner
• Functionalism (1890)
• William James
• Stream of Consciousness

14
Mid Modern (1898)

• Behaviorism
• Ivan Pavlov
• Conditioning

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Psychoanalysis

• Sigmund Freud
• Complex behavior
• Internal
• External

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Modern Theories

• Humanism
• Abraham Maslow
• Satisfaction of Needs
• Cognitive
• Albert Bandura
• Social Learning
• Modeling
• Neuropsychological
• Biological approach

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Topic IIBiology and Behavior

• Introduction
• Evolutionary Perspective
• Single Cell
• Colony
• Specialization

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Nervous System

• Introduction
• Definition

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Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)

• Major Divisions (2)
• Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Sympathetic
• Parasympathetic

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Central Nervous System (CNS) and Communication
System

• CNS
• Brain and Spinal Cord
• Function
• Communication System
• Introduction
• Sensory Organs

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Cells of the Nervous System

• Introduction
• Common features of all cells
• Outer membrane
• Cell body
• Mitochondria
• Nervous System Cells
• 2 Types
• Glial
• Neurons

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Neurons

• Specified Cells
• Afferent
• Efferent

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Parts of Neurons

• Cell body and Soma
• Dendrites
• Axons
• Neural impulses
• All or Nothing Principle
• Action Potential

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Synapses

• Definition
• Synaptic knobs
• Neurotransmitters
• Excitatory or inhibitory

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Neurotransmitters

• Acetylchlorine
• Dopamine
• GABA
• Endorphine
• Norepinephrine

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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Spinal Cord

• Extension of the brain
• Mediates
• Spinal reflexes

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Brain

• Introduction
• 3 Structures
• Hindbrain
• Midbrain
• Forebrain

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Hindbrain (3 Structures)

• Brain Stem
• Location
• 2 structures
• Pons
• Medulla

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• 2) Reticular Formation
• Location
• Function

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• 3) Cerebellum
• Location
• Function

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Midbrain

• Thalamus
• Location
• Function

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Forebrain (3 Structures)

• Hypothalmus
• Location
• Function

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• 2) Pituitary Gland
• Location
• Function

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• 3) Cerebrum
• Introduction
• Hemispheres
• Right
• Left
• Cerebral Cortex

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Cerebrum Lobes (4)

• Occipital
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Frontal

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Hemispheres

• Introduction
• Corpus Callosum

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Endocrine System

• Function
• Hormones

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Major Glands

• Pituitary
• Thyroid
• Adrenal
• Pancreas
• Testes/ Ovaries

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Topic IIISensation and Perception

• Sensation
• Definition

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Process

• Accessory Structures
• Receptors
• Transduction
• Action Potential (Filtration)
• Absolute Threshold
• Different Threshold
• Sensory Interaction
• Adaptation

42
Signal Detection Theory

• Intensity
• Physical Condition
• Psychological State

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Senses

• Definition
• 4 types
• Energy
• Chemical
• Somatic
• Body

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Energy Senses(Vision and Hearing)

• Wane Energy
• Length
• Frequency
• Amplitude

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Vision

• Light Energy (Electromagnetic)
• Enters through the cornea
• Pupil Iris
• Lens
• Retina
• Rods
• Cones
• Optic Nerve
• Visual Cortex
• Cerebral Cortex

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Hearing

• Hearing and Sound
• Pinna
• Tympanic Membrane
• Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
• Oval Window/ Cochlea/ Basilar Membrane
• Auditory Nerve

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Hearing

• Place Theory
• Pitch and Volley Theory

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Deafness

• Conductive Deafness
• Definition
• Causes
• Cures

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Nerve Deafness

• Definition
• Causes
• Cures

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Chemical Senses

• Smell (Olfaction)
• Taste (Gustation)

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Smell

• Airborne Chemicals
• Nose
• Olfactory Bulb

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Taste

• Chemicals in Solution
• Taste buds

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Somatic Senses

• Sense of Touch
• 3 Separate Senses
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Pain
• Non-localized
• Mechanical

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Body Senses

• Proprioception
• Kinesthesia
• Vestibular Sense

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Perception

• Introduction
• Definition
• Meaningfulness
• Selective Attention
• Perceptual Expectancy

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Form Perception

• Definition
• Gestalt Law
• Psychological Form Perception
• Schemas
• Perceptual Set

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• Perceptual Form Patterns
• Visual Cues
• Closure
• Symmetry
• Similarity
• Continuity

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Types of Perceptual Processing

• Top Down
• Bottom Up

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Perception of Pain

• Definition
• Role of Pain

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Communication System

• Fast Pathways
• Slow Pathways

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Factors In Pain Perception

• Expectation
• Personality
• Mood

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Gate Control Theory of Pain

• Spinal Cord
• Gate
• Nerve Fibers
• Small
• Large
• Closing the Gate
• Absolute Threshold
• Neural Activities
• Neurotransmitters
• Analgesia

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Phantom Limbs

• Definition
• Explanation
• Neuroma
• Spinal Cord
• Brain
• Hardwire

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Culture and Perception

• Culture
• Cultural Factors
• Needs
• Beliefs
• Values
• Environment

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Extra Sensory Perception

• Definition
• Types
• Telepathy
• Clairvoyance
• Precognition
• Psych kinesis

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Topic IVConsciousness

• Consciousness
• Definition

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Consciousness

• Levels (3)
• Conscious
• Preconscious/ Subconscious
• Non conscious/ Unconscious
• Stream of Consciousness

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Forms of Consciousness

• Controlled Processes
• Attention
• Focused Awareness
• Automatic Processes

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Biology and Consciousness

• Circardian Rhythms
• Definition
• Infradian
• Ultradian
• Based on Cues
• Internal
• External
• Internal Desynchronization
• Bio Rhythms and Moods

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Pre Conscious

• Definition
• Role
• Survival
• Intuition
• Primary

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Sleep and Dreams

• Sleep Definition
• Consciousness
• Day Dreams
• Definition
• Role

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Stages of Sleep (5)

• Falling Asleep
• Completely Asleep
• Deep Sleep
• Deepest Sleep
• REM Sleep
• Progression
• Dreams
• Paradoxical Sleep

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Role of Sleep

• Restorative and Repair Theory
• Ecological

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Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia
• Somnambulism
• Nightmares/ Night Terrors
• Narcolepsy
• Apnea

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Dreams

• Definition
• Introduction
• Causes of Dreams

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Unconscious Wish Fulfillment (Freud)

• Hidden Desire
• Manifest vs. Latent Content
• Current Status

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Problem Focus Approach

• Concerns and Solutions
• Status

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Housekeeping Approach

• Data assimilation and Elimination
• Snippets
• Status

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Activation Synthesis Approach

• Random Burst of Energy
• Natural Ordering
• Scenario Formation
• Status

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Altered States of Consciousness

• Definition
• Introduction
• Inducements
• Internal
• External
• Hallucinations

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Internal

• Meditation
• Religious Ecstasy
• Illness
• Stress

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External

• Psychoactive Drugs
• Definition
• Types (4)
• Stimulants
• Depressants
• Opiates
• Psychedelics

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Common Characteristics (4)

• Tolerance
• Addiction
• Withdrawal
• Dependency

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Effects

• Physiological
• Behavioral

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Factors That Affect Intensity/Behavior

• Physical
• Experience
• Environmental Setting
• Expectation

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Hypnosis

• Definition
• Key Terms
• Post Hypnotic Suggestion
• Post Hypnotic Amnesia
• Hypnotic Suggestability

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Nature Of Hypnosis

• Vs Sleep
• Willingness
• Contrary Behavior
• And Memory
• Digression
• As a Treatment

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Theories (3)

• Disassociation
• Split Consciousness
• Hidden Observer
• Socio Cognition
• Social Contract
• State Theory

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Topic VLearning

• Definition
• Characteristics

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Types of Learning

• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Observational
• Cognitive

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Classical Conditioning

• Definition
• Reflex
• Conditioning

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Basics of Classical Conditioning

• Introduction
• Pavlov

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Stimulus ? Response

• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Conditioned Response (CR)

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Learning

• Acquisition
• Contingency
• Informativeness

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Effective Classical Conditioning

• Delayed
• Trace
• Simultaneous
• Backward

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Other Factors

• Extinction
• Stimulus Generalization
• Stimulus Discrimination

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Uses of Classical Conditioning

• Phobias
• Advertising

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Operant Conditioning

• Introduction
• Definition
• Thorndyke Principle

99
Basics of Operant Conditioning

• Reinforcement vs. Punishment
• Shaping

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Types of Reinforcement

• Primary
• Secondary

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Reinforcement Events

• Positive
• Negative

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Schedule of Reinforcement

• Continuous
• Partial or Intermittent

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Types of Partial Reinforcement (4)

• Fixed Ratio (FR)
• Variable Ratio (VR)
• Fixed Interval (FI)
• Variable Interval (VI)

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Punishment

• Definition
• Types
• Positive
• Negative

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Non Effective vs. Effective Punishment
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Use of Operant Conditioning

• Introduction
• Generalization vs. Discrimination
• Behavior Modification
• Classroom
• Justice
• Addiction
• Work Performance

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Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
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Observational Learning (Modeling)

• Definition
• Vicarious Reinforcement
• Basis
• Value
• Self Efficacy
• Reward
• Resultant Behavior
• Positive
• Negative
• Neutral

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Other Types of Learning

• Cognitive Learning
• Latent Learning

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Learning and Biology and Culture

• Biology
• Preparedness
• Instinctual Drift
• Culture
• Definition
• Factors

111
Topic VIMemory

• Introduction
• Definition
• Flashbulb Memory

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Basis of Memory

• Memory vs. Computer
• Key Terms
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

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Encoding

• Definition
• Types (4)
• Somatic
• Acoustic
• Visual
• Flashbulb

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Levels of Encoding

• Automatic
• Effortful

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Levels of Processing (3)

• Shallow
• Intermediate
• Deep
• Continuum

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Storage and Retrieval

• Storage
• Retrieval

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Theories of Memory (3)

• Information Processing Model
• Working Memory Model
• Schema a Network Model

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1) Information Processing Model

• Introduction
• 3 Box Model
• Sensory Memory (Sen. M)
• Short Term Memory (STM)
• Long Term Memory (LTM)

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Sensory Memory (Sen. M)

• Introduction
• Types
• Iconic
• Echoic

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Short Term Memory (STM)

• Limitation
• Chucking
• Sen.M to STM
• Pattern Recognition
• Selective Attention
• Maintenance Rehearsal

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Long Term Memory (LTM)

• Capacity and Duration
• STM to LTM
• Elaborate Rehearsal
• Flashbulbing

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LTM Systems (2)

• Declarative
• Procedural

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Declarative

• Semantic
• Episodic

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Procedural

• Definition
• Implicit
• Motor Skills
• Habits
• Classical Conditioning

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Retrieval

• Definition
• Measurement
• Recall
• Recognition
• Relearning

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Retrieval Cues

• Prompts vs. Cues
• Prompt
• Cue
• Types of Cues (5)
• Serial Position
• Déjà vu
• Mood Congruent
• State Dependent
• Context Effect

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2) Working Memory Model

• Introduction
• Definition
• Memory Loops (3)
• Phonological
• Visuspatial
• Central Executive

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3) Schema or Network Model

• Clusters
• Retrieval
• Hierarchal Network

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Memory Failure

• Forgetting
• Forgetting Process

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Causes of Forgetting (3)

• Encoding Failure
• Retrieval Failure
• Storage Failure

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Encoding Failure

• Introduction
• Interference of Attention

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Retrieval Failure

• Failure of Cues
• Tip of the Tongue Phenomena

133
Storage Failure

• 3 types
• Store Based
• Decay
• Neural Trace
• Forgetting Curve
• Interference
• Definition
• Types
• Proactive
• Retroactive

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Biology and Forgetting

• Consolidation Failure
• Definition
• Causes
• Amnesia
• Retrograde
• antegrade

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False Forgetting

• Motivated Forgetting
• Repression

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False Memories- also calledSource Amnesia

• Source Misattribution
• Definition
• Causes
• Occurrence

137
Memory and Study Skills
138
Topic VIIThinking and Intelligence

• Introduction
• Cognition
• Thinking

139
Types of Thinking

• Preconscious
• Nonconscious
• Mindlessness

140
Concepts

• Definition
• Mental representation
• Cognitive Maps
• Images

141
Concept Formation (4 Steps)

• Concepts
• Formal
• Natural
• Prototype
• Preposition
• Cognitive Schemas/Mental Model
• Concrete
• Abstract
• Procedural

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Reason and Problem Solving

• Introduction
• Reasoning

143
Types of Reasoning (2)

• Formal and Informal Reasoning

144
Formal Reasoning (3)

• Algorithms
• Deductive Reasoning
• Problems
• Inductive Reasoning

145
Informal Reasoning (3)

• Heuristics
• Anchoring
• Representative available
• Dialectic Reasoning
• Reflective Judgment

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Decision Making/Problem Solving

• Introduction

147
Barriers

• Mental Sets
• Fixations
• Functional Fixedness
• Confirmation Bias
• Exaggerating the Impossible
• Framing

148
Language

• Introduction
• Definition
• Grammar
• Syntax
• Semantic
• Lexical
• Contextual

149
Language Acquisition

• Crying
• Babbling
• One Word Stage (Holophase)
• Phonemes
• Morphemes
• Two Word Stage (Telegraphic Speech)
• Pragmatics

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Critical Stage
151
Language and Thought

• Linguistic Relativity (Whorfs Hypothesis)
• Revised Hypothesis
• Intelligence
• Introduction
• Definition

152
Intelligence Assessment

• Alfred Binct (1896)
• MA vs. CA
• Louis Terman (1916)
• David Wechsler (1958)

153
Multiple Intelligence

• Triarchic Theory (Robert Sternberg)
• Based on 3 Factors
• Componential
• Experiential
• Contextual

154
Factors That Effect Intellectual Assessment and
Identification
155
Value of Assessment

• Predictive
• Diagnostic

156
Topic VIIIEmotion and Motivation

• Emotion definition
• And categories

157
Emotional Levels

• Cognitive
• Physiological
• Behavioral

158
Function of Emotions

• Arousal
• Social Regulation
• Cognition

159
Theories of Emotion

• James Lange
• Emotions as physiology
• Cannon Bard
• Simultaneous
• Schachler Singer
• Labeling and attribution

160
Motivation

• Definition
• Sources (2)
• Drives
• Need
• Homeostasis
• Incentives
• External Stimulus

161
Motivation Theories (4)
162
Early Instinct Theories

• Instinct
• Conclusion

163
Modern Instinct Theories (2)

• Drive Reduction Theory
• Inner Calmness
• Arousal Theory
• Arousal Level
• Tension Reduction

164
Theories (2)

• Sociobiological Theory
• Genetic Imperativism
• Humanistic Theory
• Abraham Maslow
• Introduction
• Drives
• Incentives

165
The Pyramid

• 5 Basic Stages
• Drives ? Satisfaction
• Prepotency
• Attributions
• Reversals

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Achievement Motivation

• Introduction
• Definition
• Types
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic

167
Achievement Motivation Factors

• Attribution
• Expectancy or Expectation
• Cognition

168
How To Increase or Develop Achievement Motivation
169
Topic IXHealth Stress and Coping

• Introduction
• Definition
• Stressors
• Distress
• Cumulative

170
Categories of Stress

• Catastrophic Events
• Life Changes
• Hassles

171
Types of Stress (3)

• Frustration
• Failure
• Loss
• Conflict
• Approach Approach
• Avoidance - Avoidance
• Approach Avoidance
• Multiple Approach Avoidance

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Reactions to Stress

• Cognitive Appraisal
• Primary Appraisal
• Evaluation
• Personality
• Type A
• Type B
• Type C
• Hardiness
• Secondary Appraisal
• Labeling

173
General Adaptation Syndrome

• Hans Selye
• 3 Stages

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Stages (3)

• Alarm
• Physiological
• SNS
• Hormones
• Resistance
• Adaptive Energy
• Looping
• Exhaustion
• Depletion
• Diseases of Adaptation

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Biological Reactions

• Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
• Psychosomatic Disorders
• Pediatric Diseases

176
Emotional Reactions

• Burnout
• Withdrawal / Avoidance
• PTSD

177
Behavioral Reactions

• Distractibility
• Mental Paralysis
• Physical Paralysis

178
Coping

• Definition
• Types
• Problem Centered
• Cognitive
• Reappraisal
• Relabeling
• Restructuring
• Physical Coping
• Exercise
• Relaxation
• Social

179
Eating Disorders (3)
180
Obesity

• Introduction
• Hunger
• Definition
• Satiety

181
Causes of Obesity (3)

• 1) Biological
• Metabolism
• Hormonal
• Set Point
• Basal Metabolism Rate (BMR)
• Basal Metabolism Index (BMI)

182

• 2) Cultural

183

• 3) Psychological
• Stress
• Cues

184
Anorexia Nervosa

• Definition
• Causes
• Results
• Cures

185
Bulimia Nervosa

• Definition
• Causes
• Results
• Cures

186
Topic XPersonality

• Introduction
• Definition

187
Early Theories

• Hippocrates
• Phrenology
• Somatotype
• Religious

188
Modern Theories
189
Early Trait

• Biological
• Traits
• Temperament
• Observation
• Twin Studies
• Infant

190
Psycho Analytic

• Sigmund Freud
• Introduction
• Unified Theory
• Psychic Determinism
• Psychic Energy
• Tension
• Tension reduction

191
Early Development
192
Freudian Model of The Mind

• 3 Aspects of the Mind
• Conscious
• Subconscious
• Unconscious

193
Freudian Structure of Personality

• 3 Major Systems
• Id
• Ego
• Superego

194
Id 1st System

• Biological Drives
• Gratification
• Psychic Energy Libido
• Pleasure Principle

195
Ego 2nd System

• Referee
• Reasoning / Problem Solving
• Reality Principle

196
Superego 3rd System

• Conscience
• Ego Ideal
• Reality Principle

197
Conflict and Conflict Resolution

• Id Demands / Impulses
• Superego Restraint / Control
• Ego Balance
• Weak ego Defense Mechanisms

198
Types of Defense Mechanisms (6)

• Denial
• Repression
• Projection
• Displacement
• Reaction Formation
• Rationalization

199
Freudian Personality Development Stages

• Introduction
• Stage conflict
• Fixations
• 5 Stages

200
Oral Stage (Birth 1)

• Description
• Fixations

201
Anal (1-3)

• Description
• Fixation

202
Phallic or Oedipal (3-5)

• Crucial Stage
• Fixation
• Oedipal and Election Complex
• Causes
• Castration Anxiety
• Penis Envy
• Resolution / Fixation

203
Latent (5- Puberty)

• Description
• Fixations

204
Genital (Puberty )

• Descriptions
• Fixations

205
Recap and Criticism
206
Behavioral

• B.F. Skinner
• Observable / Overt Behavior
• Shaping
• Construction

207
Modern Trait Theory

• Gordon Allport
• Introduction
• 3 Basic Categories of Traits
• Cardinal Traits
• Central Traits
• Secondary Traits

208
Cardinal Traits

• Definition
• Effects
• Universality
• Building Block of Personality
• Influence Continuum

209
Central Traits (5)

• OCEAN
• Openness
• Conscientiousness
• Extroversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism
• Effects

210
Secondary Traits

• Situational
• Effects

211
Social Cognitive Theory

• Albert Bandura
• Introduction
• Environmental Factors / Perception
• Personality is learned
• Observation
• Reciprocal Determinism
• Self Efficacy

212
Observation

• Modeling

213
Reciprocal Determinism

• Reward / Punishment
• Trait Determinism

214
Self Efficacy

• Expectancy
• Locus of Control

215
Self Efficacy Acquisition

• Mastery
• Role Models
• Feedback
• Emotional Regulation

216
Topic XIPsychological Disorders

• Introduction
• Definition
• Normal vs. Abnormal Behavior

217
Theories of Abnormal Behavior
218
Early Theories

• Historical
• Physical World
• Theological
• Heredity

219
Modern Theories

• Medical
• Phillippe Pinel (1785)
• Observable Symptom
• Disease
• Biopsycho Social
• Combination
• Biology
• Social
• Psychology

220
Classification of Psychological Disorders

• Introduction
• Etiology

221
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSMIV)

• Classification System
• General Categories and Specific Disorders
• Classification Components (5)
• Clinical
• Developmental Disorders
• Stressors
• Functionality
• Comorbidity

222
Types of Disorders(5 Major Categories)

• Anxiety Disorders
• Mood Disorders
• Dissociative Disorders
• Personality Disorders
• Somatoform Disorders

223
Anxiety Disorders

• Definition
• Types (5)
• General Anxiety Disorder (GAS)
• Phobia
• Panic Attack / Panic Disorder
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
• Obsession
• Compulsion
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

224
Causes

• Bio Genetic
• Preparedness Hypothesis
• Chemical
• Cognitive
• Operant Conditioning
• Self Fulfilling Prophecy

225
Mood Disorders

• Definition
• Types (4)
• Major Depression Disorder (MDD)
• Definition
• Roles
• Suicide

226

• Dysthymia
• Causes
• Bio Polar Disorder (Formerly Manic / Depression
  Disorder)
• Definition

227

• Cyclothymia
• Causes
• Genetic
• Social
• Cognitive
• Internality
• Stability
• Lack of Control
• Eclectic

228
Dissociative Disorders

• Definition
• Types (4)
• Dissociative Amnesia
• Dissociative Fugue
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Schizophrenia

229
Schizophrenia

• General Characteristics (3)
• Disorganized and Delusional Thinking
• Perceptual Disturbances (Hallucinations)
• Inappropriate Emotional Reaction

230
General Symptoms or Sub Categories (4)

• Disorganization
• Catatonic reaction
• Paranoia
• Undifferentiated

231
Causes

• Genetic
• Drugs
• Stressors
• Social

232
Personality Disorders

• Definition
• Types (8)
• Paranoid
• Schizoid
• Schizotypal
• borderline

233

• Histrionics
• Avoidant
• Narcissistic
• Antisocial

234
Antisocial

• Psychopaths / Sociopaths
• Lack of Empathy
• Manipulation
• Personality Disorder Causes

235
Somatoform Disorders

• Definition
• Types (2)
• Conversion Disorder
• Somatization
• Pain Disorder
• Hypochondrisis
• Causes

236
Psychological Disorder and Society

• Society
• Insanity
• commitment

237
Topic XII

• Therapies

238
Therapies

• Introduction
• Definition
• Common Characteristics (4)
• Healthy relationship
• Treatment
• Agreement
• Team work

239
4 Types of Therapy (General)

• Biomedical
• Insight / Talk
• Behavioral
• Cognitive

240
Types of Therapy(Specific)
241
Biomedical

• 3 Types
• Drug
• Surgery
• Electro / Convulsive

242
Drug

• Types
• Anti Anxiety
• Anti Depressants
• Anti psychotic
• Problems
• Placebo Effect
• Dosage
• Relapse
• Surgery
• Lobotomy
• Problems
• Electro / Convulsive
• Problems

243
Insight / Talk Therapy

• Introduction
• Types
• Psychoanalysis
• Client Centered

244
Psychoanalysis (Freud)

• Goals (2)
• Catharsis
• Self insight
• Basic Promise
• Techniques
• Free Association
• Dream Analysis
• Transference
• Resistance
• Interpretation

245
Client Centered (Carl Rogers)

• Goal
• Basic Promise
• Inconsistency
• Positive Climate
• Technique
• Rephrasing

246
Behavioral Therapy (Carl Rogers)

• Goal
• Promise
• Techniques
• Systematic
• Desensitation
• Flood Therapy
• Aversion Therapy

247
Cognitive Therapy (Albert Bandura)

• Goal
• Promise
• Techniques
• Self Efficacy
• Self Institution
• Confrontation
• Coping
• Reinforcing

248
Effectiveness of Theory

• Meta Analysis

249
Topic XIIISocial Psychology

• Introduction
• Definition
• Social Lives

250
Elements of Social Lives

• Social Cognition
• Attitudes
• Schemas
• Social Comparisons
• Reference Groups
• Relative Deprivation
• Self Concept / Self Esteem

251
Cognitive Dissonance

• Definition
• Reduction

252
Attribution

• Source
• Assignment
• Errors
• Fundamental
• Self serving

253
Groups

• Introduction
• Definition

254
Group Influence

• Basis
• Norms
• Roles
• Advantages

255
Conformity

• Introduction
• Definition

256
Social (Group) Influences and Conformity

• Normative Social Influence
• Informative Social Influence

257
Social Factors That Influence Conformity
258
Group Factors and Performance

• Social facilitation
• Synergy
• Home Team Advantage
• Social Loafing

259
Group Influence and Social Order (Authority and
Power)

• Introduction
• Obedience Norm

260
Authority

• Definition
• Vs. Power
• Types of Authority
• Legitimate
• Coercive
• Reward
• Expertise
• Reverence

261
Obedience

• Definition

262
Depth of Obedience

• Mental Points
• Status
• Cognitive Factors

263
Group Behavior
264
Social Identity Theory

• Definition
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Stereotyping
• Prejudice
• Causes

265
Group Influence and Decision Making

• Positive
• Synergistic Thinking
• Negative
• Group Think
• Group Polarization

266
Social Behavior

• Altruism
• Definition
• Reasons
• Genetic imperativism
• Collectivism
• Egoism
• Principlism

267
Bystander Intervention

• Bystander Effect
• Intervention Decision Making

268
Romantic Attraction

• Attraction Factors
• Attraction Points

269
Love Stage

• Passionate Love
• Stable Relationship
• Compassionate Love

270
Aggression

• Definition
• Source
• Types
• Impulsive
• Instrumental