Boot Camp

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Boot Camp

• 2/24/04

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Sea Biscuit
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Racing Heart?
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(No Transcript)
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Intelligent Salivary Glands

• The role of salivation on digestion
• Saliva production automatic, no conscious
  control or learning
• Unconditioned Reflex
• Consistent within species
• But, learned from experience in lab to expect
  food following signals
• Conditioned Reflex
• Extremely variable

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How it all began

• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) FOOD
• Unconditioned Response (UCR) SALIVATION
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) FOOTSTEPS
• Conditioned Response (CR) SALIVATION

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3 Simple Steps

• UCS UCR
• NS UCS UCR
• REPEAT, REPEAT, REPEAT
• CS CR

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Classical Conditioning

• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• Reflex-like, non-learned, automatically causes
  response
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)
• Automatic response
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Previously neutral, repeatedly precedes US
• Conditioned Response (CR)
• Transferred now associated with CS

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Pavlov ring a bell?

• Food (UCS) salivation (UCR)
• Metronome (NS) Food (UCS) salivation (UCR)
• REPEAT 5-20 times
• Metronome (CS) salivation (UCR)
• AND
• Vanilla odor acid salivation
• Rotating Object food salivation

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Key Points

• Can explain a wide range of behavior
• Advertising, food aversion, phobias
• Focuses on reflexive behavior
• Not under voluntary control
• Any reflex can be conditioned to NS
• Eye blinkdoor bell
• Sexual arousalstrawberries
• HR increases flashing blue light

(puff of air into eye) (romantic
caresses) (sudden noise)
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Real Life

• Advertising (sexy images, music, celebs)
• Phobias, addiction
• Food Aversions
• Credit cards, Logos spending
• Ranchers
• Coyotes wolves killing sheep
• UCS lithium chloride UCR nausea
• Health well being?

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Ader Cohen (1985)

• Drug (cyclophosphamide) Weakened immune
  system
• Saccharine H2O Drug --- W.I.S
• Repeated
• Saccharine H2O --- W.I.S
• Chemotherapy (environmental cues W.I.S)
• What about enhancing?
• Smell of camphor, sherbet adrenaline

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But usually we buy, study, work

• We OPERATE on the environment to produce an
  effect
• Voluntary, complex, goal-directed behaviors
• Any behavior that leads to a satisfying state of
  affairs is more likely to occur again those
  that lead to an annoying state of affairs are
  less likely
• Law of Effect

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Animal problem solving

• Thorndikes Puzzle Box
• Hungry Cats in cage
• Trap door operated by lever
• Raw fish outside cage
• Sniff, scratch, push, dig bang on lever
• Repeat efficiency

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Thorndike (1911)

• Just like socialization
• Through rewards and punishment, parents train
  kids
• Learning how to produce desirable outcomes
  adaptive

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Operant Conditioning

• Skinner Box
• Stimulus light
• Response bar/ pecking key
• Dry food pellets, water
• Metal grid for electric shocks
• Recording instrument
• Reinforcement (instead of reward/ satisfaction)
• Any stimulus that increases likelihood of
  response
• Punishment
• Any stimulus that decreases likelihood

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• Behaviors considered uniquely human can be
  learned by lowly creatures like rats and pigeons
• Not superstition!
• Thinking, knowing, reasoning, belief

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Good luck charms?

• People presume connexn between behavior
  reinforcing consequence
• Behavior must have been accidentally reinforced
• Rolling dice certain way good roll
• 40 college athletes!
• Pigeons
• Non-contingent rewards

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• Several days
• Highly motivated pigeons
• Do what pigeons do
• For a few minutes every 15 seconds pellets

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They became superstitious

• One bird conditioned to turn counter clockwise,
  making 2-3 turns between reinforcements.
• Another thrust its head into corner of cage
• One developed a tossing response as if placing
  its head beneath an invisible bar and lifting it
  repeatedly

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• Human bowler who has released a ball, but
  continues to behave as if he was controlling it
  by twisting and turning his arm
• Rationally no effect, food comes every 15
  seconds
• The bowlers effect has no behavior on the ball,
  but the behavior of the ball has an effect on the
  bowler

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Problem- must wait for behavior to reward

• E.g. training dog to roll-over
• Shaping
• Reinforcing behaviors increasingly similar to
  desired behavior
• E.g. making me lecture from corner
• Extinction
• Without reinforcement, behavior fades
• (in C.C. repeat CS w/out US)

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More problems- not enough pellets!

• Partial Reinforcement
• Not EVERY response must be reinforced
• Coke Machine vs. Slot Machine
• If dont get rewarded walk away?
• Strengthens later resistance to extinction
• 4 different schedules

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Vary time of interval

• Fixed-Interval Schedule
• Studying starts slow, increases _at_ midterms,
  trails off after, picks up _at_ finals
• Variable Interval Schedule
• Pop quizzes

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Vary responses required

• Fixed-Ratio
• Administer reinforcement after a fixed number of
  responses
• Frequent flyer programs, payment based on fixed
  products, CD clubs
• Variable Ratio
• Reinforced after average of responses
• Lotteries, radio call-ins, slot machines

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Punishment

• Strong, immediate, consistent inescapable
• Suppresses unwanted behaviors
• BUT
• Temporary inhibition (smoking)
• Replacement behavior (jail)
• aversive stimuli rewarding?
• Negative emotions lead to retaliation

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Learning by Doing AND by SEEING

• Dont we sometimes learn without direct
  experience?
• Think about 1st time danced, drove a car,
  programmed a VCR
• Learn by watching and imitating others
• Observational Learning

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Banduras (1960) Bobo Doll Study

• Expose children to adult models that are
  aggressive vs. nonaggressive
• Will they imitate the aggressive behavior?
• 36 boys 36 girls 3-6 yrs old
• 3 groups
• Control, aggressive, non-aggressive
• All in playroom, adult joins game, highly
  interesting activities

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Tinker Toys, Mallet Bobo Doll

• Aggressive condition
• Laid bobo on side
• Sat on it, punched it, struck it w/ mallet,
  kicked it about room
• sock him in the nose hit him down, throw him in
  the air kick him Pow!

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Test

• After 10 minutes
• Frustrated children
• New play room with
• Tea set, crayons, farm animals, dolls
• Dart guns, mallet, Bobo Doll
• Physical aggression
• Verbal aggression
• Non-Imitative aggression

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Results

• Instances of imitative physical aggression
• 38.2- male
• 12.7 females
• Verbal aggression
• Boys -17 times
• Girls- 15.7 times
• Never with nonaggressive models or control

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Observational Learning is not simple

• Attention
• To behavior and consequences
• Retention
• Memorable, rehearsed
• Reproduction
• Motor ability
• Motivation
• Expectations for reinforcement

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Good Models

• Attractive
• High Status
• Similar to selves

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LEARNED behavior

• Expectations about alcohol as magic elixir
• Increase social skills
• Sexual pleasure
• Confidence
• Power
• Aggression
• LEARNED early in life drinking is fun
• Can we separate the learned beliefs from
  pharmacological effects?

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Pretending to be drunk
TOLD TONIC ALCOHOL
CONTROL EXPECTANCY EFFECTS
TRUE PHYSIO EFFECTS EXPECTANCY PHYSIO
TONIC GIVEN ALCOHOL
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TOLD TONIC ALCOHOL
CONTROL Disinhibition of social behaviors (aggression, sexual arousal)
Impairs motor information processes, improves mood EXPECTANCY PHYSIO
TONIC GIVEN ALCOHOL
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Persisted Learning Memory

• Lecture 9
• 2/25/04

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Memento

• Inspired by the condition of anterograde amnesia
  that he learned about in a Georgetown psychology
  class, Nolan wrote a short story entitled
  Memento Mori about a man with this illness
  trying to deal with a traumatic event in his
  past.

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H.M., 8/23/53

• Epileptic Seizures
• Bilateral medial temporal lobe removal
• Including hippocampus
• IQ, personality, perceptual abilities
• Memory prior to surgery ok
• Severe ANTEROGRADE amnesia
• Every new moment new fresh
• Any delay between presentation recall impaired

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H.M. continued

• Doesnt know where he lives, who cares for him,
  what he ate at his last meal, what year it is,
  who the president is, how old he is
• In 1982, failed to recognize picture of himself
  on 40th birthday
• BUT, can learn some new things and not know it
• Mirror-drawing task
• Classical conditioning

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What did we learn

• Structures that store are separate from
  mechanisms that encode
• Declarative and Procedural memory are distinct
• D conscious knowledge of facts/ events
• P implicit memory for motor skills/behaviors

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Memory as information processor

• Encode, store retrieve

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Overview
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Sensory Memory

• Registers incoming information leaves trace on
  NS for split second

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Short term memory

• We pay attention to and encode important/ novel
  stimuli

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Long term memory

• If rehearsed (stare) long enough, or deemed
  important, encoded for long-term storage can be
  retrieved

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The Sensory Register George Sperling
Testing for Iconic Memory

• Ps recalled more letters when signaled to recall
  only one row compared to trying to recall all the
  letters

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Short-term Memory Capacity
Iuj hgy egd bnj kof iut
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Short-term Memory Duration

• Can hold things for 20 seconds
• Rapidly decays UNLESS actively rehearsed
• E.g. 1hr per day X 3-4 weeks
• Digit span from 7 to 80
• Interference
• Example (consonants counting)

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Short-term Memory Function

• Working memory
• ACTIVE
• Access to senses AND LTM
• inner voice
• Serial Position Curve
• Primacy
• Recency

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What goes into LTM ?
AND
How do we get it there?
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Long-Term Memory

• Elaborative Rehearsal
• Tree
• LION
• Shoe
• APPLE
• Turquoise
• Is the word printed in capital letters?
• Does the word rhyme with ____?
• What does the word mean?

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More thought Better memory
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Are any of these self-descriptive?

• Number 1-20
• Circle the numbers of self-descriptive adjectives

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Self-reference effect

• Retrieval superiority for info related to
  self-schema
• Deeper processing of self-relevant terms
• Schema useful framework to help us perceive,
  organize, process and use information

REMINDER Password
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LTM Access

• Mild torment, something like the brink of a
  sneeze
• Definitions, line drawings, odors, faces
• Occur 1/wk, increase w/age
• Words related in spelling, then meaning
• First letter guessed 50-71 time
• Number of syllables 80 time
• 40-666 resolved after 1 minute

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Quick note Storage
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Long Term Memory access

• Retrieval cues
• Encoding specificity
• Any stimulus encoded with experience can later
  trigger it
• When learn retrieve in same context
• Divers
• Beach vs 15ft under
• Cafeteria Noise
• Scent of Chocolate
• Russian/ English bilinguals

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State-dependent memory

• On alcoholics and their keys
• Marijuana Alcohol
• Tested sober vs. high
• Memory best when tested in same state in which
  studied
• NOTE BEST SOBER ON BOTH
• Worst performance by intoxicated then sober!
• Internal state retrieval cue
• Emotions moods

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Implicit Memory

• Amnesics may know more than they think
• Memory during amnesia
• cancer
• you will not feel any pain
• beached whale
• In everyday life

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Implicit memory

• Déjà vu
• A sense of familiarity but no real memory
• The false-fame effect
• Names presented only once, familiarity but no
  real memory, assume person is famous
• Eyewitness transference
• Face is familiar, but situation in which they
  remembering seeing face is incorrect
• Unintentional plagiarism
• Take credit for someone elses ideas without
  awareness

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Autobiographical Memory

• Recollections of personal experiences and
  observations
• Most vivid for times of transition
• In college, memories from the beginning of the
  first year and end of the last year.

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Autobiographical Memory

• Flashbulb Memories
• Highly vivid and enduring memories, typically for
  events that are dramatic and emotional
• Childhood Amnesia
• The inability of most people to recall events
  from before the age of three or four
• Hindsight Bias
• The tendency to think after an event that one
  knew in advance what was going to happen

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How to Improve Memory

• Mnemonics
• Increase Practice Time
• Increase the Depth of Processing
• Hierarchical Organization
• Method of Loci
• Peg-Word Method
• Minimize Interference
• Utilize Context Effects

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Imagery Mnemonics

• One is a bun
• Two is a shoe
• Three is a tree
• Four is a door
• Five is a hive
• Six is sticks
• Seven is heaven
• Eight is a gate
• Nine is a line
• Ten is a hen

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Memory II Not remembering

• 3/1/04

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Mr. Short Term Memory

• Think H.M.
• Bilateral medial temporal lobe resection
• Anterograde amnesia
• New info goes in one ear, out the next
• Storing is different from encoding
• Knows name, hometown, but

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Plan Errors in Memory

• Sins of forgetting, distortion, and
  suggestibility (false memory)
• Ways to improve memory
• Hows your memory?

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7 Sins of (normal) Memory

• Absentmindedness
• Transience
• Blocking
• Misattribution
• Suggestibility
• Bias
• Persistence

• Can occur at any stage
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

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Which is the real deal?
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Tatiana Cooley Im incredibly absentminded I
live by post-its

• 99 photos w/names
• 15 minutes
• Same photos, different order
• 85 correct!
• Also strings of 4,000 numbers, 500 words, lines
  of poetry and deck of cards
• Visualization association

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The Name Game

• http//www.pbs.org/saf/1102/features/name_game.htm

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Absentmindedness

• Much of what we sense, we never notice
• Change blindness (even while in our presence)
• Encoding failures
• Lack of attention OR,
• Dont process well enough for consolidation
• Ineffective encoding
• Imagine reading aloud to yourself while
  distracted

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Consolidation

• Changes in strength of neural connxns
• Originally, Lashley Engram
• Rats in maze, more area removed, worse memory
• No specific location
• Equipotentiality

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Wrong, wrong, wrong

• Specialization Bark sound vs. Dog picture
• Structure Black-capped chickadees with vs.
  Monkeys w/out.
• Neurochem epinephrine (stress) glucose
• 22 seniors Country Time vs. Crystal Light
• 36 teenagers normally -8, unless glucose
• Breakfast before tests

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Transience decay over time

• Competing information displaces information
  attempting to retrieve
• Interference
• Sleep study, 1924 1, 2, 4, 8 hours
• Not as much decay as interference, inhibition,
  obliteration of old by new
• Proactive- already known intfs with new
• Retroactive- new material intfs with old
• Stanford President fish names

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Memory as Reconstructive

• Filling in missing pieces
• Disadvantages of schemas
• Office Study
• Confidence accuracy NOT well correlated (sleep
  list, 2 voices, remember vs. know)
• Memories for early events reconstructions

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Misinformation Effect

• False/ misleading information given after
  eyewitness event incorporated into account of
  event
• Loftus Palmer (1974)
• How fast was the car going when it
• Contacted- 31.8
• Smashed- 40.8
• Did you see any broken glass
• Hit- 14
• Smashed- 32

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Experiment 1

• Film of 5-car chain-reaction accident
• Accident 4 seconds
• Driver runs stop sign into oncoming traffic
• 10 questions
• How fast was Car A going when it ran the stop
  sign?
• How fast was Car A going when it turned right?
• 10. Did you see a stop sign for Car A? (53 vs.
  35

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Experiment 2

• After short video
• How fast was white car going when it passed the
  barn while traveling along the country road?
• How fast was the white car going while traveling
  along the country road?
• 1 week later
• Did you see a barn?
• 17 vs. 2 said Yes

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Experiment 3

• Did you see a truck in the beginning of the film?
• 0
• At the beginning of the film, was the truck
  parked beside the car?
• 22

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ACCURACY is VERY important

• Tell me about the time you got a hand caught in a
  mousetrap and had to have the trap removed at the
  hospital?
• Commercial

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• My brother Colin was trying to get Blowtorch
  from me and I wouldnt let him take it from me,
  so he pushed me into the wood pile where the
  mouse trap was. And then my finger got caught in
  it. And then we went to the hospital, and my
  mommy , daddy and Colin drove me there, to the
  hospital in our can, because it was far away, and
  the doctor put a bandage on this finger

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False Memory Implantation

• Present 4 childhood events
• 3 provided by parents as true
• 1 created by experimenter, verified as false
• Describe all 4 events
• 29 adults recall being lost in mall
• 20-30 hospitalized with ear infection, spilling
  punch at wedding, evacuating store with activated
  sprinklers, releasing parking brake rolling
  into object

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Case study164

• Remembered feeling frightened
• Described store was lost in
• Recalled scolding when found
• Remembered looks of man who found him (blue
  flannel, glasses, old, bald)
• Clarity rated at top of scale
• Chose true experience as false

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Application

• Eyewitness Testimony (see clip)

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• How to improve your memory

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How to Improve Memory Mnemonics

• Increase Practice Time
• More time spent studying, better
• Remember more from 4- 2hrs than 1-8hr
• Increase the Depth of Processing
• Think actively and deeply (how is it linked? Ask,
  think ,talk)
• Hierarchical Organization
• Outline Broad categories, subcategories

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How to Improve Memory Mnemonics

• Method of Loci
• Mentally place in familiar locations. Memorize
  familiar route, then place visual images.
• Peg-Word Method
• List of words pegs Hang items on pegs
  imagine interaction
• Minimize Interference
• Study before sleeping review all material right
  before exam
• Utilize Context Effects
• Setting, mood, time, smell, etc.

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(No Transcript)
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Imagery Mnemonics

• One is a bun
• Two is a shoe
• Three is a tree
• Four is a door
• Five is a hive
• Six is sticks
• Seven is heaven
• Eight is a gate
• Nine is a line
• Ten is a hen

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PTSD

• Persistence of unwanted memories
• Film clip

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Altered Consciousness

• Lecture 11
• 3/03/04

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Sleep
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Are you morning person (lark) or an evening
person (owl)?
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People perform better during preferred time

• Larks gt owls take morning classes and
• Memory tests at 9am, 2pm, 8pm larks suffered
• Older people tend to be high in morningness
  younger in eveningness
• Your internal clock is individually set
• Circadian rhythm cycle occurs every 24hrs
• BP, temp, K, hormones, pulse, etc.

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Is it endogenous or light dependent?

• Stefania Follini, Italian Interior designer
• Volunteered, 1989 for 4 months
• 20 x 12 ft windowless room, cave, NM
• Monitored by hidden cameras microphones
• Days 25 to 40hrs sleep 14-22hrs
• Stopped menstruating, ate less, lost 17lbs
• 131 days 2 months

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Free-Running Environments

• Most people tend toward 25hr cycles
• More common source of disruption
• Preventing jet lag
• Shining lights on back of knees, shifts clock to
  regulate sleep-wake cycle
• Interplay between environment hypothalamus

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Sleep

• Microsleeps
• 56 long haul truck drivers
• http//www.livejournal.com/users/thefowle/221510.h
  tml
• 200,000 traffic accidents a year are sleep
  related
• Simulated car experiment
• Drive 1 hour break 30 mins.
• Brief naps coffee

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How to Stay Awake When Driving
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Sleep Sorority alpha, theta, delta

• Presleep
• Stages 1-4
• Youre getting drowsy
• Hypnagogic state- flashes of color, light, fall
• Slower HR, Eye movement, muscles, breath
• Tone register 95 awake, 47 stage 1, 3 stage 2
• Stage 3 4 out like a light
• Bed-wetting sleep walking
• 1 10min 2 20min 3 4 30 mins

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After an hour

• Rather than maintain your deep sleep, cycle back
  to 3, then 2, then
• REM
• High frequency beta waves, activity, bloodflow,
  breath, pulse, genital arousal
• Complete paralysis
• Internally active, externally immobile
• Dreaming of a ping-pong match?

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Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep
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A Typical Nights Sleep
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Dreaming

• When awakened in NREM, dreaming 50 of time
• REM- 80
• More visual, vivid, detailed, story-like
• Adaptive 50 newborn 30 6mos. 25 2yrs
• As night wares, more time spent in REM
• Why we feel need to finish dreams when alarm
  sounds
• Rebound effect when deprived

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Need powerful irresistibleWHY?
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• DJ Tripp
• 200 hours on-air fundraising
• Day 5 slurred speech, hallucinations, paranoia
• 13 hours, recovered
• Randy Gardner
• 264 hours (11 days)
• Thinking fragmented, speech slurred,
  concentration memory lapses, hallucinations

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Mind over matter

• Restoration Theory
• Recharging Battery for cognitive, physical,
  emotional demands
• Rats after 2-3 weeks
• Metabolism, temp, food intake, weight loss,
  immune system
• Evolutionary
• Conserve energy, minimize exposure to predators
• We couldnt search for food well at night or
  protect ourselves form nocturnal predators

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Evolutionary Theory
Cross-species Comparisons of Daily Hours of Sleep
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Dreams are adaptive

• Everyone dreams, WITHOUT exception, several times
  a night
• Electrochemical events (Brainstem Cortex)
• Longer REM, more words used to describe dream
  more elaborate story
• What do we dream about?

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Dream Content

• Falling
• Being chased or attacked
• Repeatedly trying, but failing to do something
• Also flying, unprepared or late for big event,
  rejected, and being naked in public
• 64 sadness, anger, fear
• 18 happy or exciting
• 29 in color

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Other fun facts

• 68 report having a recurring dream
• 28 report dying in a dream
• 45 dream of celebrities
• Westerners assume, when analyzed, tell us
  something about past, present, future

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Dreams reflect cultural Beliefs

• Messages sent from evil spirits
• Messages sent by the Gods
• Ones soul leaves body, enters another world
• Kurds Zulus dreaming of adulterous affair is
  an offense
• If gift received, must compensate when awake

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What are the influences

• Everyday concerns
• Finances, new relationships, exam anxiety, etc.
• External stimuli
• Ever incorporated alarm in your dream?
• Slumber parties- pinky trick
• Dement, 1992 42 waterfalls, rain, leaking
  roofs, swimming, etc.
• Yourself (Lucid Dreaming)
• Half in, half out, aware while dreaming

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What do they tell us?

• Freud The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900
• Unconsciously motivated to satisfy sexual and
  aggressive urges
• Too threatening to express or recognize
• Psychological defense mechanism
• BUT, during sleep, defense is down!
• Would be shattering to come face-to-face w/
  deepest, darkest urges
• We construct dreams that express fulfillment in
  ways too confusing to recognize

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Activation-Synthesis Theory

• Random neural signals firing in brainstem spread
  to cortex
• Drawing on past experiences, brain creates images
  and stories to make sense of randomness
• Sensory neurons color, clarity, brightness,
  etc.
• Motor neurons flying, climbing, falling, etc
• Why they make no sense Limbic, not frontal!

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Sleep disturbances

• 30 population complains of insomnia
• People cant pinpoint the moment of sleep
• Try this tonight
• Spoon in hand over plate

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Tips to Avoid Insomnia

• Do not nap during the day.
• Avoid alcohol, caffeine, and cigarettes within
  five hours of bedtime.
• Avoid exercise within two hours of bedtime.
• Keep a rigid schedule.
• If awake and anxious, leave bed and return when
  sleepy.

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Hypersomnia

• 5 complain of sleeping too much
• E.g. Narcolepsy
• Sudden, irresistible attack of drowsiness, w/out
  warning
• playing b-ball, eating, conversing, having sex
• Lasts 5-30 mins
• Right to REM

120
Parasomnia

• Sleep apnea affects 4 of Americans
• Fall asleep normally
• Can occur up to 400 times per night
• Nightmares
• Only dangerous for RBD!
• Skeletal muscles arent paralyzed
• Have mobility to act on nightmares
• 75 have injured selves 44 partners

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Clearly brain is active during sleep

• Night Terrors
• B/C NREM, dont know source of bloodcurling
  scream
• Sleepwalking
• Not acting out dreams, occurs during deep, slow-
  wave sleep seldom recall travels
• Sometimes sleepsex

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Can we control whats in spotlight of
consciousness?

• Lucid dreamers can sometimes control dreams
• Meditators thought could discipline the mind
• But, mind often wanders, we daydream, distracted
  when trying to concentrate
• Sometimes the harder you try to control your own
  thoughts
• Disregard inadmissible testimony, chocolate cake
  in fridge, trying not to laugh, noticing how long
  it takes to fall asleep

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For the next 2 minutesTry not to think of a
white bear
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Consciousness and Control

• Ironic Processes
• The harder ones tries to control a thought or
  behavior, the less likely one is to succeed,
  especially if distracted, tired, or under stress.

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For the next 2 minutesGo ahead and think of a
white bear
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Rebound Effect
GROUP PHASE 2 Rings PHASE 3 Rings
Experimental 6 16
Control --- 11
Phase 1 5min Verbalization. Phase 2 Dont
think of White Bear (experimental only) Phase 3
Think about White Bear
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Trying to control our minds

• Dont think of a white bear
• Dont swing the pendulum on the forbidden axis
• Dont eat chocolate

"They mentioned a white bear about once a
minute," Then, if I asked them to think about
anything at all, they would mention white bears
more often than if I had initially asked them to
think about white bears on purpose. Irony Easy
to change our mind, get new ideas, see new
perspective, but when we try NOT to think about
something
128
Motivation
What directs and energizes your behavior?

• Lecture 12
• 3/8/04

129
The Pyramid of Human Motivation
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Self Actualization
Need to live up to ones fullest and unique
potential
131
Happy, absorbed, capable of greatness

• Think about the most wonderful experiences of
  your life happiest moments, ecstatic moments,
  moments of rapture, perhaps from being in love,
  or from listening to music, or suddenly being hit
  by a book or a painting or some great creative
  moment.

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Peak Experiences

• Open to new experiences, spontaneous, playful,
  loving, creative, self-accepting, energetic

133

• FLOW
• An activity totally absorbs ones focus
• Forget normal worries self-consciousness
• Lose track of time
• Feel confident clear-headed
• Emerge with sense of satisfaction growth

134
Esteem Needs Power Achievement

• accomplish difficult tasks, outperform others,
  and excel
• acquire prestige and influence over other people

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(No Transcript)
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Motive Arousal Typical Stories Written
137
Establish, maintain, further relationships
138
Energy, attention, stimulation, information
emotional support

• When?
• Stress, fear, embarrassment???
• HIGH These shocks will hurtIn research of this
  sort, if were to learn anything at all that will
  really help humanity, its necessary that our
  shocks be intense
• LOW I assure you that what you will feel will
  not in any way be painful. It will resemble a
  tickle or a tingle more than anything unpleasant
• 10 minute delay
• Do you want to wait alone, w/ others, no
  preference?

139
Do we always want to be with others?

• Not just anyone will do
• Ps preferred to be alone than w/ students not in
  study
• Stress doesnt always motivate affiliation
• Embarrassment Sucking on large nipples and
  pacifiers
• Ps preferred to be alone than with others
• Naturalistic study waiting for open heart
  surgery
• Prefer post-operative than pre-operative room-mate

140
We won! They lost!

• Students wear more university-affiliated apparel
  after varsity football wins
• Conducting a survey of student knowledge of
  campus issues
• Can you tell me the outcome of that game?
• Win 32
• Loss 18

141
One step further

• Human sexual feelings and behaviors are powerful
  motivational forces

142
Evolutionary Psychology an explanation

• Gender differences in mate preference are a
  product of natural selection
• Favored mating behaviors that promote the
  conception, birth and survival of offspring
• Men women attracted to different
  characteristics and have different strategies

143
Ensuring reproductive success

• Men
• Possibility to father unlimited of children
• Rely on external cues like attractiveness to
  serve as guide for youth, good health

• Women
• Careful selection of mate with resources for
  well-being
• Value commitment, health, ambition, financial
  security

144
The dating marketplace in 37 countries (N
10,047)

• Mens values
• Physical attractiveness
• good looks
• Being older than spouse
• Low hip to waist ratio

• Womens values
• Socioeconomic status
• good financial prospects
• ambition and industriousness
• Being younger than spouse

145

• Dev Singh Video

146
Big Misconception

• Only thing that defines body weight
• SHAPE is not captured
• Mind is designed to look for health based on
  LOCATION of fat, not just Fat vs. Skinny
• 1991 Singh developed series of figures from .7 to
  1.0

147
Ideal Body Image

• Which image is ideal for your sex?
• Which comes closest to your own body?

148
Sex differences in perceptions of desirable body
shape
149
Another problem with dieting The what the hell
effect