Motivation

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Motivation
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Outline

• Definition
• Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
• Folly of Rewarding A While Hoping For B
• Expectancy Theory
• Reinforcement Theory
• Goal-Setting Theory
• Needs

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Quick Question

• You could be hanging out with friends and family
  right now. You could be watching a favorite show
  on TV right now. You could be drinking a beer at
  Wackadoos right now. You could be singing along
  to your favorite Cyndi Lauper song right now.
• But you decided to come to class. Why?

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Class Model
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Motivation Definition

• A set of energetic forces that originate both
  within and outside an employee, initiates
  work-related effort, and determines its
  direction, intensity, and persistence
• Key parts
• Direction
• Intensity
• Persistence

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Discussion Question

• What do we mean by describing forces within and
  outside an employee?

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Discussion Question

• What does it mean to say someone is
• extrinsically motivated?
• intrinsically motivated?

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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation

• Extrinsic
• Pay
• Bonuses
• Promotions
• Benefits and perks
• Awards
• Job security
• Free time

• Intrinsic
• Enjoyment
• Interestingness
• Accomplishment
• Knowledge gain
• Skill development
• Personal expression

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Quick Comic
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Discussion Question

• Think about how rewards are distributed at your
  current (or most recent) job. Provide an example
  of a time when your work tasks
• matched with the reward system.
• did not match with the reward system.

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Folly of Rewarding A While Hoping for B

• Whether dealing with monkeys, rats, or human
  beings, it is hardly controversial to state that
  most organisms seek information concerning what
  activities are rewarded, and then seek to do (or
  at least pretend to do) those things, often to
  the virtual exclusion of activities not rewarded.

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Discussion Question

• Is it a good idea to have FCAT scores linked to
  teacher bonuses?

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Discussion Question

• As a manager, what can you do to help avoid this
  folly?

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Expectancy Theory

• Definition
• Describes the cognitive processes that employees
  go through to make choices among different
  voluntary responses.
• Key parts
• Expectancy
• Instrumentality
• Valence

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Key Parts of Expectancy Theory

• Expectancy
• The belief that exerting a high level of effort
  will result in the successful performance of some
  task.
• If I try then I can do it!
• Instrumentality
• The belief that successful performance will
  result in a valued outcome.
• If I do it then it will pay off!
• Valence
• The anticipated value of the outcomes associated
  with performance.
• If I do it then it will pay off big time!

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Discussion Question

• As a manger, what can be done to foster
• Expectancy?
• Instrumentality?
• Valence?

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Reinforcement Theory

• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
• Positive Punishment
• Negative Punishment

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Reinforcement Theory (Ctd.)

• Positive reinforcement
• When desirable consequences are added
• Increases the likelihood that a behavior will
  occur
• Examples Praising an employee or using
  incentives
• Negative reinforcement
• When an undesirable consequence is removed
• Increases the likelihood that a behavior will
  occur
• Example Moving a new employee past the
  probationary period

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Reinforcement Theory (Ctd.)

• Positive punishment
• When an undesirable consequence is added
• Decreases the likelihood that a behavior will
  occur
• Example Moving a highly social employee into a
  cubicle next to a bunch of quiet employees
• Negative punishment
• When a desirable consequence is removed
• Decrease the likelihood that a behavior will
  occur
• Example Taking away an employees flexible work
  schedule

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Quick Comic
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Goal Setting Theory

• Definition
• A theory that views goals as the primary drivers
  of the intensity and persistence of effort.
• Key parts
• Specific
• Difficult
• Commitment to goal

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Why Does Goal Setting Work?

• It helps our effort and strategies
• Intensity of effort
• Persistence of effort
• Task strategies
• It helps us regulate our own behavior
• Monitoring
• Evaluating
• Adjusting

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Quick Quiz

• 1. Is it better if you assign goals to your
  employees or develop goals in a participative
  manner?
• 2. While goal setting is associated with a
  variety of positive outcomes, is there a dark
  side to goal setting?
• 3. My Mom is famous for telling us to just do
  our best. Was my Mom giving us good advice?

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Quick Quiz

• 4. If difficult goals are good, can you ever make
  a goal that is too difficult?
• 5. Do praise, public recognition and money always
  influence an employees performance?

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Discussion Questions

• Many of us set New Years resolutions.
• Did you make a New Years resolution this year?
• What percent of New Years resolutions are
  successfully achieved?
• Now that you are a goal setting guru, what could
  you do next year to increase the likelihood of
  success?

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Discussion Question

• In addition to motivation, what else is needed
  for successful performance?

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Quick Summary

• Aware of some basic theories and processes that
  influence employee motivation
• Provide you some tools for improving the
  motivation of your employees