Chapter 1 Theoretical Foundations

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Chapter 1/ Theoretical Foundations

• Emily Lenington
• and Alicia Clark

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Perspectives of Learning

• The Behaviorist/ view all behavior as a response
  to external stimulus
• Concerned with rewards, punishments, and withheld
  responses positive reinforcement, negative
  reinforcement and no reinforcement at all
• Famous theorists/ Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and
  B.F. Skinner
• The Cognitivists/ view learning as mental
  operations
• Concerned with mental activity and thinking
• Famous theorists/ Jerome Bruner and David Ausubel
• The Constructivists/ view learning as a
  constructed element resulting from the learning
  process
• Cognitive-constructivist view (Robert Gagne)/
  view learning as an individual cognitive effort
  to construct his or her knowledge
• Social-constructivist view (Vygotsky and
  Bandura)/ view learning as group collaboration in
  an effort to construct a common core of knowledge
• Other famous theorists include Jean Piaget and
  Seymour Papert

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The Learner
individual characteristics can affect
learning

• Cognitive Style/ how one thinks
• The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)/ measures
  cognitive style based on four sets of opposing
  cognitive preferences
• Learning Style/ the conditions under which one
  best learns (based on sensory preferences)
• Auditory/ listening
• Visual/ seeing
• Kinesthetic/ doing
• See which learning style fits you at Dr. Felders
  web site at http//www.ncsu.edu/felder-public/ILSp
  age.html
• Intelligence/ the inherent capability of the
  learner to understand and learn
• Intelligence quotient (IQ)/ a quantitative
  measure of intelligence. Example Stanford-Binet

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Intelligences

• Intelligence the ability of the learner to
  understand and learn.
• A measure of this is the intelligence quotient or
  IQ.
• The most commonly used IQ test is the
  Stanford-Binet. Developed by French psychologist
  Alfred Binet and adapted for the U.S. by Louis
  Terman of Stanford University, it allows teachers
  to gage students potential.

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Howard Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Linguistic
• Ability to express abstract concepts and ideas in
  words.
• Logical Mathematical
• Ability to solve problems with logical,
  analytical reasoning.
• Musical
• Ability to express ideas through music.
• Spatial
• Ability to form mental models of a spatial world
  and solve problems through their manipulation.

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Multiple Intelligences continued

• Bodily-Kinesthetic
• Ability to solve problems or express concepts
  using the whole or parts of body.
• Interpersonal
• Ability to understand other people and use this
  knowledge to achieve goals.
• Intrapersonal
• Ability to form an accurate internal
  representation of self and use this model to
  relate to the world.
• Naturalistic
• Ability to recognize, catergorize, and relate to
  the nature
• Existential
• Ability to relate to the human condition and
  trnascendental concerns.

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Exam Question
A person who likes to use pictures to help them
memorize concepts would generally be categorized
as what type of learner? a) Auditory b)
Visual c) Kinesthetic
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Answer

• b) Visual learner