HUMAN ANATOMY

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HUMAN ANATOMY

• CHAPTER 9
• DISEASES DISORDERS OF THE JOINTS AND
  ARTICULATIONS

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Joint Disorders

• Joint disorders can be classified into two
  categories
• 1. Noninflammatory joint disease (NIJD)
• 2. Inflammatory joint disease (IJD)

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Noninflammatory Joint Diseases

• 1. OSTEOARTHRITIS
• also called degenerative joint disease (DJD)
• most common form of NIJD found at moveable joints
• caused by deterioration of articular cartilage at
  the ends of bones
• shock absorbers are gone and bone rubs against
  bone

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• Bony spurs may develop and the ligaments may
  calcify
• occurs most frequently at the hips, lumbar spine,
  and knees
• symptoms include stiffness, pain on movement,
  limited joint action
• reason why cartilage breaks down is idiopathic in
  nature

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• There is no treatment to stop this deterioration
  of the cartilage
• in advanced casestotal replacement of the joint
  may be necessary

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• 2. TRAUMATIC INJURIES
• there are several different types of injuries
  that may occur at the joints
• a. Dislocation
• also called subluxation
• blood vessel and nerve damage are common
• the articulating bones are no longer in contact
• early re-alignment is necessary to reduce the
  amount of surrounding tissue damage

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Dislocation Images

• The next few slides will show some forms of
  dislocations/injuries to joints.
• CAUTION SOME OF THE IMAGES ARE GRAPHIC!

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• b. Cartilage Damage
• a common injury that damages the menisci
  cartilage disks at the joints
• most common in the knee joint
• pain, limited motion, joint instability, and
  sometimes a clicking sound are the symptoms
• a common surgery called arthroscopic surgery can
  be done to remove the damaged cartilage

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• c. Sprains
• this is an acute injury to the muscles and
  ligaments surrounding the site of the injury
• common cause is a wrenching or twisting motion
• blood vessels may be ruptured and pain and
  swelling may occur
• limited joint movement (due to the swelling) is
  common as well

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Inflammatory Joint Diseases

• Arthritis is a general term used to describe many
  different forms of IJD
• 1. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
• chronic and systemic inflammatory connective
  tissue disease that is idiopathic in nature
• characterized by destruction of the synovial
  membrane, resulting in joint deformity
• swelling causes the destruction of the cartilage
  and eventual erosion of the bone itself

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• Symptoms include joint swelling, pain,
  tenderness, limited motion, and progressive
  crippling of the joints is common
• due to its being a systemic disease, fever,
  weight loss, fatigue, and possible pericarditis
  may develop

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• 2. JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
• more severe than the adult form, but has similar
  characteristics
• onset occurs during childhood and is most common
  in young girls
• due to joint inflammation and loss of cartilage,
  normal bone growth is affected

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• 3. GOUTY ARTHRITIS
• caused by increased levels of uric acid as
  crystals form in the synovial fluid surrounding
  the bones
• crystals cause inflammation and tissue damage
  common to this disease
• symptoms include swelling, tenderness, or pain in
  the fingers, wrists, elbows, ankles, and knees

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• Allopurinol (Zyloprim) is a drug that is used to
  treat this disease and it also acts as a uric
  acid inhibitor